African Studies Review back issues from September 2003:
Engaging Postcolonial Cultures: African Youth and Public Space
Sep 01, 2003; ... Abstract: The violent irruption of African youth into the public and domestic spheres seems to have resulted in the construction of their behavior as a threat, and to have provoked, within society as a whole, a panic that is simultaneously moral and civic. At issue are the bodies of ...
From the Editors
Sep 01, 2003; ... This issue of the African Studies Review is the product of a long process of international interaction and discussion among Africanist scholars. As Mamadou Diouf suggests in his excellent comprehensive article, the subject of African youth, long ignored in the scholarly literature, has become a ...
Ethnicity and Sub-Nationalism in Nigeria: Movement for a Mid-West State/Ethnic Politics in Kenya and Nigeria/Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in Nigeria
Sep 01, 2003; ... ETHNIC POLITICS AND ETHNIC CONFLICT Michael Vickers. Ethnicity and Sub-Nationalism in Nigeria: Movement for a Mid-West State. Oxford: WorldView Publishing, 2001. 410 pp. Maps. Tables. Figures. Bibliography. Index. £49.95. Cloth. £24.95. Paper. Godfrey Mwakikagile. Ethnic Politics ...
Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony, 1750-1870: A Tragedy of Manners
Sep 01, 2003; ... "LITTLE PARIS" IN SOUTH AFRICA Robert Ross. Status and Respectability in the Cape Colony, 1750-1870: A Tragedy of Manners. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. African Studies Series 98. xii + 203 pp. Illustrations. Bibliography. Index. £45.00. Cloth. The broad aim of ...
Differential Responses to Disappearing Transitional Pathways: Redefining Possibility among Cameroonian Youths
Sep 01, 2003; ... Abstract: In the wake of the economic crisis in Cameroon and the disappearance of transitional pathways for youth that accompanied it, political and economic uncertainty turned into a new kind of social certainty for young people. Inspired by world-class models of success, and perceiving ...
Military Patrimonialism and Child Soldier Clientalism in the Liberian and Sierra Leonean Civil Wars
Sep 01, 2003; ... Abstract: This article uses a Weberian model of patrimonialism to analyze clientalist and "staff roles of child soldiers in the military regimes of the civil wars in Liberia and Sierra Leone. It thereby examines institutional aspects of child soldier identity and behavior not addressed ...
Cultures and Customs of Ghana
Sep 01, 2003; ... ANTHROPOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY Steven J. Salm and Toyin Falola. Cultures and Customs of Ghana. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2002. xx + 224 pp. Photographs. Maps. Chronology. Glossary. Bibliographic essay. Index. $44.95. Cloth. Cultures and Customs of Ghana is the fourth in a ...
Moving Through and Passing On: Fulani Mobility, Survival, and Identity in Ghana
Sep 01, 2003; ... Yaa P. A. Oppong. Moving Through and Passing On: Fulani Mobility, Survival, and Identity in Ghana. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2002. xiv + 259 pp. Maps. Tables. Figures. Appendixes. Bibliography. Index. Price not reported. Cloth. Yaa Oppong conies to this study with an ...
Making History in Banda: Anthropological Visions of Africa's Past
Sep 01, 2003; ... Ann B. Stahl. Making History in Banda: Anthropological Visions of Africa's Past. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. xix + 268 pp. Photographs. Drawings. Maps. Notes. Bibliography. Index. Price not reported. Cloth. Ann B. Stahl has provided an important and long-awaited ...
The Underneath of Things: Violence, History, and the Everyday in Sierra Leone
Sep 01, 2003; ... Mariane C. Ferme. The Underneath of Things: Violence, History, and the Everyday in Sierra Leone. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2001. xii + 287 pp. Illustrations. Notes. References. Index. $24.95. Paper. Mariane Ferme's densely woven analysis of "meanings" in Mende culture is ...
Negotiating Property in Africa
Sep 01, 2003; ... Kristine Juul and Christian Luund, eds. Negotiating Property in Africa. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 2002. xiii + 255 pp. Bibliographies. Index. $27.95. Paper. Land and water rights are at issue in these engaging essays from a 1999 seminar at Denmark's Roskilde University. Given the ...
Aid and Poverty Reduction in Zambia: Mission Unaccomplished
Sep 01, 2003; ... Oliver Saasa with Jerker Carlsson. Aid and Poverty Reduction in Zambia: Mission Unaccomplished. Uppsala, Sweden: The Nordic African Institute, 2002. 141 pp. Bibliography. No price reported. Paper. A little more than four decades ago, African countries were achieving their independence (a ...
The Sacrificed Generation: Youth, History, and the Colonized Mind in Madagascar
Sep 01, 2003; ... Lesley A. Sharp. The Sacrificed Generation: Youth, History, and the Colonized Mind in Madagascar. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. xvii + 377 pp. Photographs. Maps. Appendixes. Glossary. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $65.00. Cloth. $27.50. Paper. In the mid-1970s, the ...
Africa's Inland Fisheries: The Management Challenge
Sep 01, 2003; ... Kim Gehab and Marie-Therese Sarch, eds. Africa's Inland Fisheries: The Management Challenge. Kampala: Fountain Publishers, 2002. Distributed by African Books Collective Ltd., The Jam Factory, 27 Park End Street, Oxford 0X1 1HU. 280 pp. Tables. Maps. Notes. References. Index. $27.95 ....
Contested Terrains and Constructed Categories: Contemporary Africa in Focus
Sep 01, 2003; ... GENERAL George C. Bond and Nigel C. Gibson, eds. Contested Terrains and Constructed Categories: Contemporary Africa in Focus. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 2002. xxii + 474 pp. Bibliography. Index. $100.00. Cloth. $42.00. Paper. It is clear from reading this comprehensive book that a ...
The Dynamics of Resource Tenure in West Africa
Sep 01, 2003; ... Amila Toulmin, Philippe Delville, and Samba Traore, eds. The Dynamics of Resource Tenure in West Africa. London: International Institute for Environment and Development, 2002. Distributed in the U.S. by Heinemann, xii + 242 pp. Maps. Bibliography. Index. No price reported. Cloth. The ...
The Nile
Sep 01, 2003; ... GEOGRAPHY, THE ENVIRONMENT, AND DEMOGRAPHY Robert O. Collins. The Nile. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002. xii + 260 pp. Maps. Photographs. Diagrams. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $39.95. Cloth. What is the Nile? The volume reviewed here, a lush compendium of images and ideas, ...
Black Death, White Medicine: Bubonic Plague and the Politics of Public Health in Colonial Senegal, 1914-1945
Sep 01, 2003; ... Myron Echenberg. Black Death, White Medicine: Bubonic Plague and the Politics of Public Health in Colonial Senegal, 1914-1945. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 2002. xviii + 303 pp. Glossary. Illustrations. Photographs. Appendix. Bibliography. Index. $69.95. Cloth. $28.00. Paper. Black ...
Children of AIDS: Africa's Orphan Crisis
Sep 01, 2003; ... Emma Guest. Children of AIDS: Africa's Orphan Crisis. Sterling, Va.: Pluto Press, 2001. 176 pp. Notes. Index. $29.95. Cloth. When I first saw Guest's book, I had the same reaction to its topic as the one experienced by people who encountered Guest while she was conducting her research in ...
Pastimes and Politics: Culture, Community, and Identity in Post-Abolition Urban Zanzibar, 1890-1945
Sep 01, 2003; ... HISTORY Laura Fair. Pastimes and Politics: Culture, Community, and Identity in Post-Abolition Urban Zanzibar, 1890-1945. Athens: Ohio University Press, 2001. 370 pp. Maps. Photographs. Figures. Notes. Glossary. Bibliography. Index. $59.95. Cloth. $24.95. Paper. In his classic account of ...
Feeding Families: African Realities and British Ideas of Nutrition and Development in Early Colonial Africa
Sep 01, 2003; ... Cynthia Brantley. Feeding Families: African Realities and British Ideas of Nutrition and Development in Early Colonial Africa. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 2002. 248 pp. Glossary. Illustrations. Maps. Figures. Tables. Bibliography. Index. $64.95. Cloth. This is a timely book. Feeding ...
The Colour of Disease: Syphilis and Racism in South Africa, 1880-1950
Sep 01, 2003; ... Karen Jochelson. The Colour of Disease: Syphilis and Racism in South Africa, 1880-1950. New York: Palgrave/Oxford: St. Antony's College, 2001. xii + 248 pp. Tables. Appendixes. Bibliography. Index. $65.00. Cloth. Good writing about the history of health and disease requires a careful ...
The Hall Handbook of the Anglo-Boer War, 1899-1902/Encyclopedia of the Boer War, 1899-1902
Sep 01, 2003; ... Darrell Hall. The Hall Handbook of the Anglo-Boer War, 1899-1902. Edited by Fransjohan Pretorius and Gilbert Toralge. Pietermaritzburg: University of Natal Press, 1999. x + 272 pp. Photographs. Tables. Maps. Illustrations. Bibliography. $50.00. Cloth. Martin F. Marix Evans. Encyclopedia ...
The Rise of an African Middle Class: Colonial Zimbabwe, 1898-1965
Sep 01, 2003; ... Michael O. West. The Rise of an African Middle Class: Colonial Zimbabwe, 1898-1965. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2002. xiii + 324 pp. Notes. Index. $49.95. Cloth. $22.95. Paper. Michael West, a sociologist at Binghamton University, has published extensively on Zimbabwean social ...
Apartheid's Landscape and Ideas: A Scorched Soul
Sep 01, 2003; ... Alan Schwerin. Apartheid's Landscape and Ideas: A Scorched Soul. Rochester, N.Y.: University of Rochester Press, 2001. xv + 318 pp. Photographs. Appendixes. Glossary. Bibliography. Index. No price reported. Cloth. Alan Schwerin was appointed lecturer in philosophy at the University of ...
Rethinking the African Diaspora: The Making of a Black Atlantic World in the Bight of Benin and Brazil
Sep 01, 2003; ... Kristin Mann and Edna G. Bay, eds. Rethinking the African Diaspora: The Making of a Black Atlantic World in the Bight of Benin and Brazil. London and Portland, Ore.: Frank Cass Publishers, 2001. 168 pp. Bibliography. Index. $64.50. Cloth. $24.50. Paper. This book provides a long-awaited ...
Saga of a Slave: Jacobus Capitein of Holland and Elmina
Sep 01, 2003; ... David Nii Anum Kpobi. Saga of a Slave: Jacobus Capitein of Holland and Elmina. Legon, 2001. Distributed by African Books Collective Ltd., The Jam Factory, 27 Park End Street, Oxford OX1, 1HU. vi + 102 pp. Appendixes. $14.95. Paper. Jacobus Eliza Johannes Capitein (c. 1717-1747) is an ...
Smugglers, Secessionists and Loyal Citizens on the Ghana-Togo Frontier: The Lie of the Borderlands since 1914
Sep 01, 2003; ... Paul Nugent. Smugglers, Secessionists and Loyal Citizens on the Ghana-Togo Frontier: The Lie of the Borderlands since 1914. Athens: Ohio University Press/Oxford: James Currey, 2002. 320 pp. Maps. Photographs. Tables. Bibliography. Index. $49.95. Cloth. $24.95. Paper. The central ...
The Urban Experience in Eastern Africa, c. 1750-2000
Sep 01, 2003; ... Andrew Burton, ed. The Urban Experience in Eastern Africa, c. 1750-2000. Nairobi: The British Institute in Eastern Africa, 2002. For ordering details go to: http://britac3.ac.uk. Photographs. Maps. Notes. $24.00. Paper. This is one of several books heralding a new interest in eastern ...
A History of Africa/The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800
Sep 01, 2003; ... J. D. Fage and William Todoroff. A History of Africa. 4th Edition. London/New York: Routledge, 2002. xi + 653 pp. Illustrations. Tables. Maps. Bibliography. Index. $28.95. Paper. Christopher Ehret. The Civilizations of Africa: A History to 1800. Charlottesville: University Press of ...
The Root Cause of Sudan's Civil Wars
Sep 01, 2003; ... Douglas H. Johnson. The Root Cause of Sudan's Civil Wars. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2003. xx + 234 pp. Maps. Bibliography. Appendix. Index. $54.95. Cloth. $24.95. Paper. The history of Sudan is troubled and unsettling not only because of tensions within the Muslim community ...
Fire in the Sky: The Destruction of the Orange Free State, 1899-1902/The Great Escape of the Boer Pimpernel, Christiaan de Wet: The Making of a Legend
Sep 01, 2003; ... Owen Coetzer. Fire in the Sky: The Destruction of the Orange Free State, 1899-1902. Weltevreden Park, South Africa: Covos-Day Books, 2000. xvi + 338 pp. Photographs. Map. Appendixes. Bibliography. Index. R120.00. Paper. Fransjohan Pretorius. The Great Escape of the Boer Pimpernel, ...
The Art of the Loom: Weaving, Spinning and Dyeing across the World/Printed and Dyed Textiles from Africa
Sep 01, 2003; ... LITERATURE AND THE ARTS Ann Hecht. The Art of the Loom: Weaving, Spinning and Dyeing across the World. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2001. 95 pp. Illustrations. Sources. Index. $29.95. Paper. John Gillow. Printed and Dyed Textiles from Africa. Fabric Folios Series. Seattle: ...
The Short Century: Independence and Liberation Movements in Africa, 1945-1994
Sep 01, 2003; ... Okwui Enwezor, ed. The Short Century: Independence and Liberation Movements in Africa, 1945-1994. Munich: Prestel, 2001. 496 pp. Plates. Chronology. Biographies. List of Works. Index. $75.00. Cloth. When Okwui Enwezor titles this fabulous book "The Short Century" and subtitles it ...
From Chains to Bonds: The Slave Trade Revisited
Sep 01, 2003; ... Doudou Diène, ed. From Chains to Bonds: The Slave Trade Revisited. New York: Berghahn/Paris: UNESCO, 2001. xxvi + 470 pp. Tables. $79.95. Cloth. $25.00. Paper. This book contains many of the papers presented in 1994 at a conference in Ouidah, Benin, which opened UNESCO's Slave Routes ...
The Human Rights of Women: International Instruments and African Experiences
Sep 01, 2003; ... HUMAN RIGHTS Wolfgang Benedek, Esther Kisaakye, and Gerd Oberlietner, eds. The Human Rights of Women: International Instruments and African Experiences. London: Zed Books, 2002. Distributed by Palgrave. xv + 336 pp. Select Bibliography. Index. $69.95. Cloth. $29.95 Paper. This is yet ...
The African Imagination: Literature in Africa and the Black Diaspora
Sep 01, 2003; ... F. Abiola Irele. The African Imagination: Literature in Africa and the Black Diaspora. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. xviii + 296 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Index. No price reported. Paper. Abiola Irele's critical examination of African literature is an interesting collection of ...
Maghrebian Mosaic A Literature in Transition
Sep 01, 2003; ... Mildred Mortimer, ed. Maghrebian Mosaic A Literature in Transition. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2001. vii + 325 pp. Bibliography. Index. $59.95. Cloth. This volume focuses on Maghrebian literature of French expression in Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria, exploring the works of ...
The Ordeal Of The African Writer
Sep 01, 2003; ... Charles R. Larson. The Ordeal Of The African Writer. London: Zed Books, 2001. Distributed by Palgrave USA. viii + 168 pp. Works Cited. Index. $55.00. Cloth. $19.95. Paper. Early in his preface Charles Larson states the thesis of his text: "This book is about the problems that African ...
Djibril Diop Mambety: un cinéaste à contre-courant
Sep 01, 2003; ... Sada Niang. Djibril Diop Mambety: un cinéaste à contre-courant. Paris: Editions L'Harmattan, 2002. 239 pp. Bibliography/Filmography. Interviews. Euros 19,80. Paper. On July 23, 1998, African cinema lost one of its most gifted filmmakers when Djibril Diop Mambety died. This important ...
Meditations on African Literature
Sep 01, 2003; ... Dubem Okafor, ed. Meditations on African Literature. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2001. xiv + 208 pp. Tables. Bibliography. Index. $59.95. Cloth. A barrage of convoluted language greets the readers of Dubem Okafor's Meditations on African Literature. For those like myself who prefer ...
Objects as Envoys: Cloth, Imagery and Diplomacy in Madagascar
Sep 01, 2003; ... Christine Mullen Kreamer and Sarah Fee, eds. Objects as Envoys: Cloth, Imagery and Diplomacy in Madagascar. Washington, D.C.: National Museum of African Art, Smithsonian Institution, 2002. 205 pp. Maps. Illustrations. Photographs. Notes. Glossary. Bibliography. Index. $35.00 ....
Questioning African Cinema: Conversations with Filmmakers
Sep 01, 2003; ... Nwachukwu Frank Ukadike. Questioning African Cinema: Conversations with Filmmakers. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2002. xxi + 319 pp. Notes. Index. List of Distributors of African Films in the U.S. $54.95 Cloth. $19.95. Paper. Questioning African Cinema: Conversations with ...
We Are the Poors: Community Struggles in Post-Apartheid South Africa
Sep 01, 2003; ... POLITICS Ashwin Desai. We Are the Poors: Community Struggles in Post-Apartheid South Africa. New York: Monthly Review Press, 2002. 153 pp. Photographs. $19.00. Paper. Writing "from the frontlines of the establishment's undeclared war on the poor" (14), Ashwin Desai, an activist and ...
Truth and Reconciliation: The Confessional Mode in South African Literature
Sep 01, 2003; ... Susan Van Zanten Gallagher. Truth and Reconciliation: The Confessional Mode in South African Literature. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 2002. 212 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $64.95. Cloth. The author of this book starts from the premise that confessing is a typical aspect of Western ...
Commissioning the Past: Understanding South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission/Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa: Miracle or Model?
Sep 01, 2003; ... Deborah Posel and Graeme Simpson, eds. Commissioning the Past: Understanding South Africa's Truth and Reconciliation Commission. Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press, 2002. Notes. Index. 256 pp. No price reported. Paper. Lyn S. Graybill. Truth and Reconciliation in South Africa: ...
From Guerrillas to Government: The Eritrean People's Liberation Front
Sep 01, 2003; ... David Pool. From Guerrillas to Government: The Eritrean People's Liberation Front. Eastern African Studies. Athens: Ohio University Press/Oxford: James Currey, 2001. xvi + 206 pp. Maps. Notes. Abbreviations. Glossary. Bibliography. Index. $42.95. Cloth. $22.95. Paper. In recent years the ...
Less Than One and Double: A Feminist Reading of African Women's Writing
Sep 01, 2003; ... Kenneth W. Harrow. Less Than One and Double: A Feminist Reading of African Women's Writing. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 2002. xxvi + 333 pp. Bibliography. Index. $69.00. Cloth. $27.00. Paper. Kenneth W. Harrow is a scholar whose interest in Africa began in 1973 and continued through his ...
Emma's War: Love, Betrayal, and Death in the Sudan
Sep 01, 2003; ... MEMOIRS AND BIOGRAPHY Deborah Scroggins. Emma's War: Love, Betrayal, and Death in the Sudan. New York: Pantheon Books, 2002. x + 390 pp. Maps. Notes. Bibliography. $25.00. Cloth. If history is to be more than an account of events and dates, it must rely on the stories of the people who ...
The African Stakes of the Congo War
Sep 01, 2003; ... John F. Clark, ed. The African Stakes of the Congo War. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002. xv + 249 pp. Maps. Index. $55.00. Cloth. Long awaited to fill the gap in our knowledge of the ongoing conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and provide a clear examination of the ...
Ending Autocracy, Enabling Democracy: The Tribulations of Southern Africa 1960-2000
Sep 01, 2003; ... Robert I. Rotberg. Ending Autocracy, Enabling Democracy: The Tribulations of Southern Africa 1960-2000. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution Press, 2002. 546 pp. Map. Index. $22.95. Paper. Ending Autocracy, Enabling Democracy is not an academic study, but rather an anthology, ...
Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda
Sep 01, 2003; ... Michael Barnett. Eyewitness to a Genocide: The United Nations and Rwanda. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2002. xiii + 215 pp. Notes. Index. $25.00. Cloth. Among the many books, articles, and documentaries that have come out on the role of the West in the Rwandan genocide of ...
Tragedy and Triumph: Mozambique Refugees in Southern Africa, 1977-2001
Sep 01, 2003; ... Mario J. Azevedo. Tragedy and Triumph: Mozambique Refugees in Southern Africa, 1977-2001. Portsmouth: Heinemann, 2002. 221 pp. Maps. Bibliography. Index. No price reported. $64.95. Cloth. In comparing living conditions among groups of Mozambicans who were displaced by the country's ...
Revolution in Zanzibar: An American's Cold War Tale
Sep 01, 2003; ... Don Petterson. Revolution in Zanzibar: An American's Cold War Tale. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 2002. xv + 277 pp. Maps. Photographs. Notes. Index. $28.00. Cloth. The memoirs of Don Petterson, a career diplomat, provide the backdrop for this eyewitness account of the Zanzibar ...
The Good, the Bad, and the Beautiful: Discourse about Values in Yoruba Culture/A Short History of African Philosophy
Sep 01, 2003; ... SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY Barry Hallen. The Good, the Bad, and the Beautiful: Discourse about Values in Yoruba Culture. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 20001. xiv + 219 pp. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $39.95. Cloth. $17.95. Paper. Barry Hallen. A Short History of African Philosophy ....
The Politics of Frenchness in Colonial Algeria, 1930-1954/A Diplomatic Revolution: Algeria's Fight for the Independence and the Origins of the Post-Cold War Era
Sep 01, 2003; ... Jonathan K. Gosnell. The Politics of Frenchness in Colonial Algeria, 1930-1954. Rochester, N.Y.: University of Rochester Press, 2002. xii + 234 pp. Maps. Bibliography. Index. $75.00. Cloth. Matthew Connelly. A Diplomatic Revolution: Algeria's Fight for the Independence and the Origins of ...
Transnationalism and New African Immigration to South Africa
Sep 01, 2003; ... Jonathan Crush and David A. McDonald, eds. Transnationalism and New African Immigration to South Africa. Kingston, Ontario: Southern African Migration Project (SAMP) and the Canadian Association of African Studies (CAAS), 2002. iv + 188 pp. Bibliography. Index. No price reported ....
Islam and Politics in Kenya
Sep 01, 2003; ... Arye Oded. Islam and Politics in Kenya. Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2000. ix + 236 pp. Map. Appendixes. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $49.95. Cloth. According to Arye Oded, Kenya's five million Muslims constitute a key minority group in a Christian country. Oded examines the ...
South Africa's Brittle Peace: The Problem of Post-Settlement Violence
Sep 01, 2003; ... Pierre du Toit. South Africa's Brittle Peace: The Problem of Post-Settlement Violence. New York: Palgrave, 2001. xv + 222 pp. Appendix. Chronology. Notes. Index. $69.95. Cloth. Pierre du Toit's most recent book addresses a fundamental issue in the politics of transitioning states: the ...
Pounders of Grain: A History of Women, Work, and Politics in Mozambique
Sep 01, 2003; ... WOMEN & GENDER Kathleen E. Sheldon. Pounders of Grain: A History of Women, Work, and Politics in Mozambique. Portsmouth, N.H.: Heinemann, 2002. xxiv + 311 pp. Photographs. Tables. Notes. Bibliography. Index. $66.95. Cloth. $24.95. Paper. To offer an interpretation of a hundred and ...