Recently added articles from Critical Reviews in Toxicology:
Lipid Vesicles as Membrane Models for Toxicological Assessment of Xenobiotics
Jan 01, 2008; ... Traditionally animals and cell cultures have been used to assess the toxic potential of xenobiotics on cell membranes. In search for more reproducible, quantitative, cost- and time-effective assays, toxicologists have recently become interested in biomimetic lipid vesicle-based test systems ....
Paraquat Poisonings: Mechanisms of Lung Toxicity, Clinical Features, and Treatment
Jan 01, 2008; ... Paraquat dichloride (methyl viologen; PQ) is an effective and widely used herbicide that has a proven safety record when appropriately applied to eliminate weeds. However, over the last decades, there have been numerous fatalities, mainly caused by accidental or voluntary ingestion. PQ poisoning ...
Neurotoxins From Australo-Papuan Elapids: A Biochemical and Pharmacological Perspective
Jan 01, 2008; ... Most of the medically important snakes in Papua New Guinea and Australia belong to the family Elapidae and are referred to as "Australo-Papuan" elapids. Neurotoxicity is often a life-threatening symptom of envenoming by these snakes; therefore, much attention has been paid to the isolation and ...
Issues in the Design and Interpretation of Chronic Toxicity and Carcinogenicity Studies in Rodents: Approaches to Dose Selection
Oct 01, 2007; ... For more than three decades chronic studies in rodents have been the benchmark for assessing the potential long-term toxicity, and particularly the carcinogenicity, of chemicals. With doses typically administered for about 2 years (18 months to lifetime), the rodent bioassay has been an integral ...
In Memorium: Robert M. Kroes
Sep 01, 2007; ... The authors note with sadness the passing of Professor Robert Kroes and wish to dedicate this manuscript to his memory. He provided significant and noteworthy contributions to the development of the manuscript, the critical evaluation of the studies, and the assessment of the overall weight of ...
Aspartame: A Safety Evaluation Based on Current Use Levels, Regulations, and Toxicological and Epidemiological Studies
Sep 01, 2007; ... Aspartame is a methyl ester of a dipeptide used as a synthetic nonnutritive sweetener in over 90 countries worldwide in over 6000 products. The purpose of this investigation was to review the scientific literature on the absorption and metabolism, the current consumption levels worldwide, the ...
Short-Term Effects of Particulate Matter: An Inflammatory Mechanism?
Jul 01, 2007; ... A large number of epidemiological studies show positive correlations between increasing levels of particulate matter (PM) in urban air and short-term morbidity and mortality for diverse acute cardiopulmonary diseases. Brought about by PM increments, inflammation is thought to exacerbate ...
Propylene Oxide: Genotoxicity Profile of a Rodent Nasal Carcinogen
Jul 01, 2007; ... Propylene oxide (PO) is a DNA-reactive genotoxic agent; that is, it reacts with DNA to produce lesions in the genetic material. PO also induces tumors in rodents, although only at high concentrations and at portals of entry. This review of PO's genotoxicity profile is organized according to ...
The Debate on Carcinogenicity of Permanent Hair Dyes: New Insights
Jul 01, 2007; ... Oxidative (permanent) hair dyes contain one or several "primary intermediates" (e.g., p-phenylenediamines, p-aminophenols) and "couplers" (e.g., m-aminophenols, m-hydroxyphenols). In the presence of peroxide, the primary intermediate(s) and the coupler(s) undergo a chemical reaction to form ...
Comments on the Article "The Toxicology of Mercury and Its Chemical Compounds" by Clarkson and Magos (2006)
Jul 01, 2007; ... Clarkson and Magos (2006) provide their perspectives on the toxicology of mercury vapor and dental amalgam. As scientists who are involved in preparing a German federal guidline regarding dental amalgam, we welcome additional scientific data on this issue. However, Clarkson and Magos do not ...
Response to Mutter et al. From Laszlo Magos and Tom Clarkson
Jul 01, 2007; ... This was not the first time that one of our publications attracted comments, but these comments had never even approached 5000 words supported by nearly 200 references. As praise is always short, the length of the comments suggested a wide gap between ours and the commenters' points of view. The ...
Deriving a Data-Based Interspecies Assessment Factor Using the NOAEL and the Benchmark Dose Approach
Jun 01, 2007; ... In deriving human health-based exposure limits from animal data, differences in sensitivity to a compound between animals and humans must be taken into account. These interspecies differences can be caused by differences in toxicokinetics and/or toxicodynamics. Apart from that, species differ in ...
Dermatological Toxicity of Hexavalent Chromium
Jun 01, 2007; ... Hexavalent chromium causes two types of dermatological toxicities: allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and skin ulcers. This report reviews the etiology, prevalence, pathology, dose-response, and prognosis of both of these reactions. Reports in the literature indicate that repeated exposure to ...
Toxicological Significance of Mechanism-Based Inactivation of Cytochrome P450 Enzymes by Drugs
Jun 01, 2007; ... Cytochrome P450 (P450) enzymes oxidize xenobiotics into chemically reactive metabolites or intermediates as well as into stable metabolites. If the reactivity of the product is very high, it binds to a catalytic site or sites of the enzyme itself and inactivates it. This phenomenon is referred ...
Mechanisms and Outcomes of Drug- and Toxicant-Induced Liver Toxicity in Diabetes
Jun 01, 2007; ... Increased incidences of hepatotoxicity have been observed in diabetic patients receiving drug therapies. Neither the mechanisms nor the predisposing factors underlying hepatotoxicity in diabetics are clearly understood. Animal studies designed to examine the mechanisms of diabetes-modulated ...