Drug Week back issues from December 2001:
Statins Called "New Aspirin" by Heart Conference Presenter.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by C.W. Henderson, senior medical correspondent - "Statins are the new aspirin." That's the quote to be remembered from the American Heart Association (AHA) Scientific Sessions 2001 conference in Anaheim, California. It was ...
Human Genome Sequencing Will Have Profound Impact On 21st Century Medicine.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Chromosome analysis, gene mapping, and the complete sequencing of the human genome provide an anatomic basis for all aspects of clinical medicine, and are likely to change medicine in many ways over the coming years, according to an article in the ...
Enteric-Coated Didanosine Linked To Milder Gastrointestinal Effects.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by Michael Greer, senior medical writer - A delayed-release version of the antiretroviral drug didanosine (ddI) is much easier on patients than the standard form of the drug, researchers in Massachusetts say. "A new enteric-coated (EC) ...
Novel Technique Developed For Measuring Antiretroviral Toxicity.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by Michael Greer, senior medical writer - Researchers in the United States and Italy have devised a novel method for measuring mitochondrial toxicity caused by antiretroviral HIV drugs. "Mitochondrial toxicity is a serious side effect of ...
Premier Databases To Support FDA Drug Safety Surveillance.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- To improve its knowledge about the use and effects of new drugs once they have reached the market, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) will tap into the most extensive hospital database in the nation. The Perspective database and ...
Novel Drugs May Improve Survival in Advanced Heart Disease.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by C.W. Henderson, senior medical correspondent - Several late-breaking clinical trials reported at an international conference are good news for heart patients. Reported at the American Heart Association (AHA) Scientific Sessions 2001 ...
Newly Found Estrogen Role In Males Might Lead To Contraceptive For Men.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Newly found estrogen role in males might lead to contraceptive for men Researchers tapping into the estrogen pathway that regulates fertility in males have found two independent roles of the hormone, and they may have uncovered a new ...
Kidney Disease In African-Americans Focus Of Study.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by C.W. Henderson, senior medical correspondent - No one knows which drugs work best to prevent kidney disease linked to hypertension in African-Americans. So Janice G. Douglas, chief of the division of hypertension, Case Western Reserve ...
LJP 394 Reduces Renal Complications.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- La Jolla Pharmaceutical Company presented additional data from an earlier Phase II/III clinical trial of its clinical candidate for systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus), LJP 394, at the 2001 World Congress of Nephrology. Data from the ...
Zindaclin Cleared For Marketing In U.K.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Access Pharmaceuticals, Inc., has announced that Strakan, Ltd., the worldwide licensee of its ResiDerm technology, has received marketing authorization in the United Kingdom for Zindaclin. The product incorporates clindamycin within the ResiDerm ...
Neurochem Receives $1.4 Million FDA Grant For Fibrillex.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Neurochem, Inc., (NRM) has received a $1.4 million grant from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for a pivotal Phase II/III study of Fibrillex, which is currently under way. The company also received Orphan Medical Product (OMP) ...
Chest Pain Drug Tested for Heart Attack Prevention.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by C.W. Henderson, senior medical correspondent - A drug used to treat chest pain is being tested to see if it can reduce the risk of heart attack in patients with chronic angina. The drug, nicorandil, relaxes blood vessels and improves ...
Arthur Mandell Becomes President And Chief Executive Officer Stemron Corp.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Stemron Corp. has named Arthur M. Mandell president and chief executive officer. Mandell brings more than 20 years of leadership experience in both the pharmaceutical and biotechnology sectors, according to the company. Prior to joining ...
NeoTherapeutics Names New Vice President Of Pharmaceutical Development.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- NeoTherapeutics, Inc., (NEOT) has appointed Ashok Gore, PhD, as vice president, pharmaceutical development. Gore has more than 30 years of experience with many leading pharmaceutical companies and will fill a vital role in enhancing and ...
PharmaNet Names Drug Safety Expert To Lead Pharmacovigilance Group.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- PharmaNet has appointed Jan Willem van der Velden, MD, FFPM, to vice president, global safety and pharmacovigilance. van der Velden will be based in the company's Amersfoort, Netherlands, office. van der Velden joins PharmaNet from ...
Scion Pharmaceuticals Names Pravin R. Chaturvedi President And CEO.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Scion Pharmaceuticals, Inc., has appointed Dr. Pravin R. Chaturvedi as president and chief executive officer. Prior to joining Scion, Chaturvedi was responsible for lead evaluation at Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Chaturvedi established ...
Drug for Heart Rhythm Disturbance Tested for Sudden Cardiac Death Prevention.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by C.W. Henderson, senior medical correspondent - An atrial fibrillation drug now is being tested for ventricular fibrillation. Sudden death, a leading cause of death in North America accounting for 250,000 deaths annually, comes from ...
Abbott Recognized For Continuous Improvement In Environmental Issues.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Abbott Laboratories (ABT) has received the 2001 Governor's Pollution Prevention Award for Continuous Improvement for its achievements in a healthy and safe environment. Abbott is the only health care company, in the history of the awards, to have ...
Anastrozole Compared With Tamoxifen For Advanced Disease.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- According to authors of a multicenter study, Arimidex (anastrozole) should be the first choice, first-line therapy for postmenopausal women with hormone-sensitive advanced breast cancer. Conclusions were drawn from a study involving the ...
Rolling Biologics License Application Filing For Erbitux Now Complete.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- ImClone Systems, Inc., (IMCL) has completed its rolling biologics license application (BLA) submission to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for approval of Erbitux (formerly known as IMC-C225) for the treatment of irinotecan-refractory ...
orBec Enters Phase II Clinical Trial.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Corporate Technology Development, Inc., (CTD) has initiated a Phase II clinical trial to evaluate the efficacy of orBec in treating Crohn disease. This is the second clinical trial that CTD has initiated with its lead product, orBec. ...
Previously Unknown Antibiotic Identified In Fish.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- A Brief Communication in Nature reports the discovery of a previously unknown family of antibiotics - piscidins - in fish. Piscidins are peptide antibiotics and are made in the fish mast cells, previously thought to confine their ...
Foundation Responds To Acetaminophen Liver Toxicity Research.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- The Aspirin Foundation of America (AFA) objected to press reports of a recent study from the University of Colorado Health Sciences Center in Denver, Colorado on acetaminophen toxicity. The study, published in the journal Archives of ...
OxyContin Maker Readies Ad Campaign Against Painkiller's Abusers.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- The manufacturer of a powerful painkiller fast gaining a reputation as a deadly recreational drug is starting an advertising campaign to discourage illegal use of prescription drugs. As of November 12, 2001, Purdue Pharma began running ...
New Therapies Proving Effective For Millions.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Eczema, a chronic skin disease that causes itching and inflammation and resulting redness, swelling, cracking, weeping, and scaling, affects 15 million Americans, many of them children. Speaking October 17, 2001, at the American Academy ...
Ciprofloxacin Can Cause Seizures In Some People.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Medical advisors to the Epilepsy Foundation warned that fluoroquinolone antibiotics such as Cipro (ciprofloxacin), which are the first line of defense for anthrax, can in certain circumstances induce seizures in people with epilepsy and other ...
Hopkins Sanctions Scientist For Cancer Drug Trial.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Johns Hopkins University sanctioned a researcher who tested experimental cancer drugs on patients in India without the approval of a university review board, the school announced. The sanctions, the latest in a series of embarrassments ...
Genzyme General Receives Complete Response Letter For Fabrazyme BLA.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Genzyme General (GENZ), a division of Genzyme Corp., has received a complete response letter from the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) related to its application to market Fabrazyme (agalsidase beta) in the United States. The letter ...
Long-Term Data Confirms Benefit Of Enzyme Replacement Therapy.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Transkaryotic Therapies, Inc., announced results from an open-label extension of its six-month pivotal trial of Replagal (agalsidase alfa) enzyme replacement therapy for the treatment of Fabry disease. The data was presented October 16, ...
Revenue Growth Highlights Lynx's Third Quarter Results.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Lynx Therapeutics, Inc., (LYNX) reported revenues of $5.8 million for the third quarter of 2001, a 68% increase over third quarter 2000 revenues of $3.4 million. For the 9-month periods ended September 30, 2001 and 2000, revenues were $13.5 million ...
Schering-Plough Launches Peg-Intron And Rebetol Combination Therapy in U.S.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Schering-Plough Corp. has launched combination therapy using Peg-Intron (peginterferon alfa-2b) powder for injection and Rebetol (ribavirin, USP) capsules for treating chronic hepatitis C. Rebetol capsules, approved in July 2001 as a separately ...
Phase II Calcimimetics Data Is Promising.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- NPS Pharmaceuticals, Inc. announced that various investigators of its licensee Amgen, Inc., presented positive data on the drug candidate AMG 073 at medical meetings during October 2001. The data are from Phase II clinical trials testing ...
Trisenox Recommended For Approval In Europe.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Cell Therapeutics, Inc., (CTI) has received a recommendation for approval from the Committee for Proprietary Medicinal Products (CPMP) for Trisenox (arsenic trioxide) injection in the treatment of relapsed/refractory acute promyelocytic leukemia ...
Metabasis Awarded SBIR Grant to Discover Novel Agents.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Metabasis Therapeutics, Inc., has been awarded a $153,103 Phase I grant by the U.S. National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. The grant, titled "Adenosinergic Therapy for Treatment of Hepatic Fibrosis," represents the second ...
Microcide And Althexis Rename Merged Company Essential Therapeutics.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Microcide Pharmaceuticals, Inc., (MCDE) and the Althexis Co., Inc., announced that at a special meeting held October 24, 2001, Microcide shareholders approved the merger of Microcide Pharmaceuticals and Althexis to form Essential Therapeutics, Inc ....
Orphan Medical Announces Xyrem Response Accepted For Review By FDA.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has accepted the Orphan Medical, Inc., response, in the form of an amendment, to the approvable letter for Xyrem (sodium oxybate) oral solution of July 2, 2001. The Agency has also designated the ...
Pharmacyclics Regains Rights To Optrin From Alcon.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Pharmacyclics, Inc., (PCYC) has regained worldwide rights to develop and market Optrin (motexafin lutetium) injection for the potential photodynamic treatment of age-related macular degeneration (ARMD) and other retinal diseases from Alcon. ...
Methylnaltrexone Significantly Reverses Morphine Side Effects.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Progenics Pharmaceuticals, Inc., announced statistically significant, positive results from Phase II clinical studies of methylnaltrexone (MNTX), an investigational drug designed to reverse the debilitating side effects of opioid pain medications. ...
Unigene Awarded Federal Grant To Continue Development of Oral PTH.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Unigene Laboratories, Inc., (UGNE) has been awarded a small business innovation research grant from the U.S. National Institutes of Health to further develop an oral parathyroid hormone (PTH) product for the treatment of osteoporosis. ...
FDA Approves Enhanced Pregnancy Prevention Program For Accutane.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved an enhanced version of Roche's Pregnancy Prevention Program for Women on Accutane (PPP), according to Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc. The revised program is intended to assist physicians, ...
Bioject Signs License And Development Agreement With Alkermes.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Bioject Medical Technologies, Inc., (BJCT) and Alkermes, Inc., (ALKS) have entered into a licensing and development agreement to develop up to three undisclosed drug compounds as proprietary products for Alkermes using Bioject's Iject and, ...
De Novo And ChemOvation Announce Collaboration On Chemistry Services.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- De Novo Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., and ChemOvation, Ltd., have entered into a collaborative agreement for the provision of synthetic chemistry services directed toward certain De Novo drug discovery targets. Under the terms of the ...
New Drugs Hold Promise For Safety, Effectiveness In Treatment.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- A multicenter, international pilot study of two new drugs to treat patients with rheumatoid arthritis has found the drugs to be safe and effective in treating the disease. Larry Moreland, MD, professor of medicine at the University of ...
Drug Helps Smokers with Heart Disease Quit.
Dec 07, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 7 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by C.W. Henderson, senior medical correspondent - The drug Bupropion SR is a highly effective and well-tolerated smoking cessation aid for individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD). That's according to a new study presented at the ...
Dexamethasone Can Reduce CD4 Cell Loss.
Dec 14, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 14 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by Michael Greer, senior medical writer - The anti-inflammatory steroid dexamethasone has a protective effect on CD4 cells in HIV patients, researchers report. Previous studies had shown that another steroidal anti-inflammatory agent, ...
S28463 Effectively Treats Mycobacterium bovis Infection.
Dec 14, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 14 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by Michael Greer, senior medical writer - Researchers in Canada say that they have identified a potential new weapon in the arsenal of antimycobacterial treatments. "It has been shown that imidazoquinoline compounds, including S28463, ...
FDA Approves New Class Of Therapy For Rheumatoid Arthritis.
Dec 14, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 14 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- The first in a new class of therapy for rheumatoid arthritis has won federal approval although studies show Kineret promises just modest effectiveness. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) said the new drug should be reserved for ...
Celecoxib Does Not Increase Risk Of Cardiovascular Adverse Events.
Dec 14, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 14 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- An analysis of safety data, representing over 13,000 patients from the new drug application (NDA) and 8000 patients in the Celecoxib Long-term Arthritis Safety Study (CLASS), supports that Celebrex (celecoxib capsules) is not associated with an ...
Valdecoxib Effective In Treating OA And RA With Fewer Gastrointestinal Side Effects.
Dec 14, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 14 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Results from two Phase III clinical studies of the potent investigational COX-2-specific inhibitor valdecoxib showed that it demonstrated similar efficacy to the conventional non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) naproxen when compared with ...
Prehospital Administration of Reteplase Saves Time To Treatment.
Dec 14, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 14 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- A study presented November 14, 2001, at the American Heart Association's Scientific Sessions 2001 appears to demonstrate the benefits of the clot-dissolving agent Retavase (reteplase) in the prehospital treatment of heart-attack patients. ...
Risedronate Sodium Once A Week As Effective As Daily Dose.
Dec 14, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 14 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- A once-a-week, 35 mg dose of Actonel (risedronate sodium tablets) was as effective as 5 mg of Actonel daily at increasing bone mineral density (BMD) in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO), according to a recent study. Data from ...
Moxifloxacin May Make Effective Isoniazid Supplement.
Dec 14, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 14 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by Michael Greer, senior medical writer - The fluoroquinolone antibiotic moxifloxacin may be useful for neutralizing tuberculosis infections, researchers say. Nacer Lounis and colleagues at the Faculte de Medecine Pitie-Salpetriere in ...
Promising Results From Fondaparinux Trial Reported.
Dec 14, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 14 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- The results of the Phase IIb PENTUA study comparing fondaparinux - the first of a new class of selective synthetic factor Xa inhibitors - with the low-molecular-weight heparin enoxaparin in the treatment of patients with acute coronary syndrome ...
Cell Model Of Oxidative Stress Valuable For Screening Drugs.
Dec 14, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 14 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Panacea Pharmaceuticals, Inc., presented new findings on its Alzheimer drug development program November 13, 2001, at the 31st Annual Meeting of the Society for Neuroscience, held in San Diego, California. The presentation, entitled ...
Phase III CARISA Trial Meets Primary Endpoint.
Dec 14, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 14 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- CV Therapeutics, Inc., has announced that its Phase III CARISA trial of ranolazine met its primary efficacy endpoint. With patients on a background antianginal therapy, ranolazine statistically significantly (p=0.012) increased ...
Schering AG Acquires Worldwide Rights For Dermatitis Drug.
Dec 14, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 14 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Schering AG, Germany (SHR, SCH), has acquired worldwide rights to further develop and market the compound ABT-281 for atopic dermatitis and all other potential dermatological diseases from Abbott Laboratories. ABT-281 is a nonsteroidal, ...
New Transmucosal Technology Being Evaluated.
Dec 14, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 14 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Transmucosal Technology Ltd. (TTL), a joint venture between Atrix Laboratories, Inc., (ATRX) and Elan Corp., PLC (ELN) has submitted an investigational new drug application (INDA) to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for BEMA-Fentanyl ...
Quintiles And Capsugel Expand Alliance for Capsule Capabilities.
Dec 14, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 14 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Quintiles Transnational Corp. and Capsugel, a division of Pfizer, Inc., have expanded their current alliance to now include U.S.-based formulation and manufacturing services. Building upon the success of a similar partnership in Europe, ...
MAXIA Presents Data On Novel Small Molecule Anticancer Agents.
Dec 14, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 14 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- MAXIA Pharmaceuticals, Inc., presented results of preclinical studies on three novel classes of anticancer compounds that are in development for treatment of solid human tumors, including non-small cell lung, breast, prostate, and pancreatic ...
NEO-339 Improves Attentional Deficits, Learning, And Memory In Animals.
Dec 14, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 14 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- NeoTherapeutics, Inc., presented data at the Society for Neuroscience meeting in San Diego, California, November 13, 2001, showing that NEO-339 improves attentional deficits as well as learning and memory in aged and young animals. ...
Novel Drug Candidates Address Cognitive Deficits Of Psychotic Patients.
Dec 14, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 14 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- ACADIA Pharmaceuticals presented data on its proprietary small molecules that offer the unique potential to treat all symptoms of schizophrenia including cognitive deficits The presentation was made November 13, 2001, by ACADIA ...
Valsartan Reduces Total Heart Failure Hospitalizations.
Dec 14, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 14 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- Researchers from the University of Minnesota Medical School presented new findings from the Valsartan Heart Failure Trial (Val-HeFT) during the American Heart Association (AHA) Scientific Sessions 2001, held in Anaheim, California. ...
Sleuthing, A Required Skill For Rheumatologists.
Dec 14, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 14 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- by Michelle Marble, senior medical writer - Prescription drugs, abused drugs, and herbal supplements can produce toxicities in humans that mimic rheumatic syndromes, according to Dr. Hal Mitnick, New York University, New York, New York, and Dr ....
Two Phase III Clinical Trials Of Topical Drug Initiated Concurrently.
Dec 14, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 14 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- NexMed, Inc., announced that it has initiated two Phase III clinical studies on Alprox-TD, its proprietary cream under development for treating erectile dysfunction (ED). The Phase III program, which is the final step in the clinical ...
United Therapeutics Shows Continued Growth In Revenues In Third Quarter.
Dec 14, 2001 ... 2001 DEC 14 - (NewsRx.com & NewsRx.net) -- United Therapeutics Corp. (UTHR) has announced financial results for the third quarter ended September 30, 2001. "We are pleased to announce that United Therapeutics ended its third quarter in very strong financial condition," said Fred ...