Ecology back issues from December 1998:
Reversal of grazing impact on plant species richness in nutrient-poor vs. nutrient-rich ecosystems.
Dec 01, 1998; ... INTRODUCTION Species richness, the number of biological species, is related to community productivity for a broad range of organisms found in different types of ecosystems (Grime 1973, Huston 1979, Begon et al. 1990, Rosenzweig and Abramsky 1993, Tilman 1993). Often, biological ...
Species richness in a successional grassland: effects of nitrogen enrichment and plant litter.
Dec 01, 1998; ... INTRODUCTION The addition of limiting nutrients to herbaceous plant communities frequently leads to increases in plant production and declines in plant species diversity (e.g., Bakelaar and Odum 1978, Tilman 1987, Carson and Barrett 1988, Pysek and Leps 1991, Tilman 1993). There ...
Consumer species richness and autotrophic biomass.
Dec 01, 1998; ... INTRODUCTION Two issues are central to community ecology. These are, what governs variation in biotic diversity among ecosystems (the distribution and abundance of species) and what governs variation in standing biomass among ecosystems (the distribution and abundance of energy ...
Parasite impacts on host communities: plant parasitism in a California coastal prairie.
Dec 01, 1998; ... INTRODUCTION The exquisite adaptations of many parasite species to find and exploit particular hosts make parasites among the best examples of highly specialized heterotrophs. However, many parasites are in fact generalists, exploiting from several to dozens of host species ....
Influences of large-scale climatic variability on episodic tree mortality in Northern Patagonia.
Dec 01, 1998; ... INTRODUCTION Climate variability is a major influence on tree population dynamics both indirectly through effects on climatically related disturbances such as fire and insect outbreaks, and directly through influences on tree establishment and mortality. In the context of ...
Patchy invasion and the origin of a hemlock-hardwoods forest mosaic.
Dec 01, 1998; ... INTRODUCTION There is a large literature on species invasions and the characteristics of invasible communities (Elton 1958, Mooney and Drake 1986, Drake et al. 1989, Lodge 1993a). These studies show that temperate forest communities, especially late-successional "mature" ...
How environmental conditions affect canopy leaf-level photosynthesis in four deciduous tree species.
Dec 01, 1998; ... INTRODUCTION Temperate-forest carbon cycles play a critical role in the global carbon cycle through photosynthesis, respiration, and biomass accumulation (Houghton 1991, Wisniewski and Lugo 1992). Our detailed knowledge of what controls the carbon cycle within these important ...
An 85-year study of Saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea) demography.
Dec 01, 1998; ... INTRODUCTION The saguaro (Carnegiea gigantea [Engelm.] Britton & Rose) is a prominent, long-lived, columnar cactus of the Sonoran Desert, occurring throughout much of southern Arizona, USA, and western Sonora, Mexico (Turner et al. 1995). It has an average life-span of 125-175 ...
Facilitation among woody plants establishing in an old field.
Dec 01, 1998; ... INTRODUCTION Woody plants in nonforested areas are frequently clumped (Bailey and Wroe 1974, Yarranton and Morrison 1974, Archer et al. 1988, Kellman and Kading 1992, Magee and Antos 1992, Teague and Smit 1992, Thiery et al. 1995, Milne et al. 1996). Clumps probably reflect seed ...
Regulation of fine root dynamics by mammalian browsers in early successional Alaskan Taiga forests.
Dec 01, 1998; ... INTRODUCTION Grazing and browsing mammals have substantial direct and indirect effects on the structure and function of terrestrial ecosystems. These effects are manifested through changes in vegetation composition and plant community dynamics (McNaughton 1983, 1985, Huntly ...
Spatiotemporal distributions of bacterivorous nematodes and soil resources in a restored riparian wetland.
Dec 01, 1998; ... INTRODUCTION Soils are characterized by a high degree of spatial variability, even in intensively managed ecosystems (Robertson and Freckman 1995, Robertson et al. 1997). Within large-scale patches shaped by physicochemical conditions and human activity, biotic processes create ...
Nutrient acquisition from soils with patchy nutrient distributions as assessed with simulation models.
Dec 01, 1998; ... INTRODUCTION Spatial heterogeneity in the distribution of soil nutrients has been observed from the landscape level to the proximity of individual plants. Within the rooting zone of individual plants, variation in the concentration of nutrients has been found to span the range ...
Spatial variation in rates of carbon and nitrogen accumulation in a boreal bog.
Dec 01, 1998; ... INTRODUCTION Much carbon is contained in the peatlands that blanket large areas in northern temperate, boreal, and sub-arctic regions. Because the amount of carbon accumulated in peat deposits is estimated to be in the range of 1.2-4.0 x [10.sup.14] kg, the potential impact of ...
Roles of disturbance, sediment stress, and substratum retention on spatial dominance in algal turf.
Dec 01, 1998; ... INTRODUCTION In densely colonized environments, such as rocky intertidal and subtidal shores, salt marshes, old fields, and tropical rain forests, much of the community organization and dynamics are functions of factors involved in the provision, procurement, and subsequent ...
Maternal determinants of seed dispersal in Cakile edentula: fruit, plant, and site traits.
Dec 01, 1998; ... Dispersal, or migration as it is often referred to in the population genetics literature, is one of the primary factors that influence the rate and outcome of evolution, and it was recognized as such even in the earliest years of theoretical population genetics (Fisher 1930, Wright 1931) ....
Theoretical consequences of heterogeneous transport conditions for pollen dispersal by animals.
Dec 01, 1998; ... INTRODUCTION The amount and variety of pollen that a plant exports and imports establish the scope for many components of plant mating (reviewed by Harder and Barrett 1996). From the male perspective, pollen export establishes the number of possible female mates and the ...
Partitioning of pollinators during flowering in an African Acacia community.
Dec 01, 1998; ... INTRODUCTION Flowering plants may compete for pollination in at least two ways; for pollen quantity, and for pollen quality (Rathcke 1983, 1988). In cases where the quantity of pollen exchanged is a limiting factor for seed set, plants may compete for pollinator visits (Mosquin ...
Pollen digestion by new world bats: effects of processing time and feeding habits.
Dec 01, 1998; ... INTRODUCTION Pollen grains are included in the diet of several vertebrate and invertebrate flower visitors (Howell 1974a, Turner 1984, Peng et al. 1986, Richardson et al. 1986, Wooller et al. 1988, Law 1992a, b, Grant 1996). Although pollen can be an important source of ...
Testing the demographic consequences of cannibalism in Tribolium confusum.
Dec 01, 1998; ... INTRODUCTION Despite its interesting evolutionary consequences, intraspecific predation or cannibalism is losing its reputation of being a laboratory artifact and is recognized as a potentially important regulator of population size in [greater than]50 examples presented in ...
Estimation of tiger densities in India using photographic captures and recaptures.
Dec 01, 1998; ... INTRODUCTION The tiger (Panthera tigris) is an endangered big cat whose demographic status is uncertain across its entire distributional range, spanning 13 Asian countries. Because of their large body size and carnivorous diet (Eisenberg 1981), tigers naturally occur at low ...
Population growth of Antarctic fur seals: limitation by a top predator, the leopard seal?
Dec 01, 1998; ... INTRODUCTION Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella) occupy an upper trophic position in the Antarctic marine food web, feeding mainly on krill (Euphausia superba) and various fish species (Croxall and Pilcher 1984, Green et al. 1989, Green et al. 1991, Reid 1995, Reid and ...
Family effects on growth and survival of juvenile roe deer.
Dec 01, 1998; ... INTRODUCTION Variation in dynamics of natural populations is generally accounted for by temporal fluctuations and spatial heterogeneity of ecological factors and population density (Gilpin and Hanski 1991, Yoshimura and Clark 1993). However, at a particular place and time, ...
Breeding productivity does not decline with increasing fragmentation in a western landscape.
Dec 01, 1998; ... INTRODUCTION Much of our understanding of the demographic effects of fragmentation comes from studies of bird populations (Ambuel and Temple 1983, Brittingham and Temple 1983, Howe 1984, Wilcove 1985, Temple 1986, Askins et al. 1990, Freemark and Collins 1992, Robinson 1992, ...
Time and food dependence in willow tit winter survival.
Dec 01, 1998; ... INTRODUCTION Survival is a crucial element of life history, especially in relatively short-lived, but iteroparous, organisms. It may be more beneficial for such organisms to reproduce a few times with a lower effort than always to reproduce at a maximum efficiency, especially if ...
Are adult nonbreeders prudent parents? The kittiwake model.
Dec 01, 1998; ... INTRODUCTION A central assumption in life history theory is that there are trade-offs between components of fitness (Stearns 1992, McNamara and Houston 1996). Physiological trade-offs are thought to result from the allocation of a limited amount of energy between various ...
Nuptial gifts, resource budgets, and reproductive output in a polyandrous butterfly.
Dec 01, 1998; ... INTRODUCTION Many female insects receive material during mating, referred to as "nuptial gifts," that may potentially increase a female's resource budget (Thornhill and Alcock 1983). Radiotracer studies show that material is indeed transferred from males to females and later ...
Isolation vs. extinction in the assembly of fishes in small northern lakes.
Dec 01, 1998; ... INTRODUCTION Stephen Forbes (1887) was probably the first freshwater ecologist to emphasize the insular nature of a lake, describing it as an "islet," "a little world within itself." Similarities between lakes and islands have subsequently been made more explicit (e.g., Barbour ...
Density-dependent coexistence in fish communities.
Dec 01, 1998; ... INTRODUCTION Although competition theory has played a central role in ecology, virtually no attention has been paid to the influence of stage structure on competitive interactions (Cushing 1989). This remains the case despite the realization that many animals (e.g., fishes) ...
Population Biolgy of Grasses.(Review)
Dec 01, 1998; ... Cheplick, Gregory Paul, editor. 1998. Cambridge University Press. New York. xii + 399 p. $85.00, ISBN: 0-521-57205-3. One of my favorite paintings is Durer's 1503 water-color "Das grosse Rasenstuck" (Sod of Grass, Great Piece of Turf). I am intrigued by the plant's-eye view of ...
An Introduction to Ecological Economics.(Review)
Dec 01, 1998; ... Costanza, Robert, John Cumberland, Herman Daly, Robert Goodland, and Richard Norgaard. 1997. St. Lucie/CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida. xii + 275 p. $39.95, ISBN: 1-884015-72-7. Costanza (1991. Ecological economics: the science of management and sustainability. Columbia ...
Individual Behavior and Community Dynamics.(Review)
Dec 01, 1998; ... Fryxell, John M., and Per Lundberg. 1998. Population and Community Biology Series 20. Chapman and Hall, New York. x + 202 p. $39.95, ISBN: 0-412-99411-9 (alk. paper). Mention "physics envy" in a room full of non-ecologists, and you'll elicit a few chuckles about stochasticity, ...
Behavior and Ecology of the Northern Fur Seal.(Review)
Dec 01, 1998; ... Gentry, Roger L. 1998. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey. xiii + 392 p. $69.50, ISBN: 0-691-03345-5 (acid-free paper). In the last decade a number of books have been published on pinniped behavior and ecology but none has been a detailed single-species account ...
Spatial Ecology: The Role of Space in Population Dynamics and Interspecific Interactions.(Review)
Dec 01, 1998; ... Tilman, David, and Peter Kareiva, editors. 1997. Monographs in Population Biology, 30. Princeton University Press. New Jersey. xiii + 365 p. $85.00, [pounds]59,50 (cloth), ISBN: 0-691-01653-4 (alk. paper); $35.00, [pounds]25.00 (paper), ISBN: 0-691-01652-6 (alk. paper). The ...
Between Zeus and the Salmon: The Biodemography of Longevity.(Review)
Dec 01, 1998; ... Wachter, Kenneth W., and Caleb E. Finch, editors. 1997. National Academic Press, Washington, D.C. viii + 285 p. $39.00, ISBN: 0-309-05787-6. Though death and taxes are the only certain things in life, only books on the former are likely to have general appeal. Between Zeus and ...