Ecology back issues from January 1999:
Crab predation, waterborne cues, and inducible defenses in the blue mussel, Mytilus edulis.
Jan 01, 1999; ... INTRODUCTION Inducible defenses (phenotypically plastic traits that increase resistance to predators or competitors) are known in many organisms from both aquatic and terrestrial habitats (e.g., protozoans (Wicklow 1988), bryozoans (Harvell 1986), cnidarians (Grosberg 1988, Ayre ...
Thermal biology of rocky intertidal mussels: quantifying body temperatures using climatological data.
Jan 01, 1999; ... INTRODUCTION The role of the physical environment in determining animal body temperatures and its subsequent effects on their physiological performance has received considerable attention in terrestrial habitats (e.g., Porter and Gates 1969, Porter et al. 1973, Riechert and ...
Mortality of juvenile damselfish: implications for assessing processes that determine abundance.
Jan 01, 1999; ... INTRODUCTION Replenishment of demographically open populations has been examined extensively in marine reef fishes since, like most benthic marine species, they typically have early developmental stages that disperse in the plankton (Doherty and Williams 1988, Mapstone and ...
Species diversity in subtidal landscapes: maintenance by physical processes and larval recruitment.
Jan 01, 1999; ... INTRODUCTION The distribution and abundance of organisms in natural communities are characterized by heterogeneous spatial patterns, whereby several theories (Janzen 1970, Connell 1971, 1979, Ricklefs 1977, Hubbell 1979) and empirical studies (Connell et al. 1984, Condit et al ....
Local and regional diversity in a patchy landscape: native, alien, and endemic herbs on serpentine.
Jan 01, 1999; ... INTRODUCTION As once-continuous habitats continue to be fragmented, and naturally patchy habitats continue to be lost, it is essential to examine the effects of habitat discontinuity on the diversity of entire communities. Metacommunity models are a branch of ecological theory ...
Spatially explicit and stochastic simulation of forest-landscape fire disturbance and succession.
Jan 01, 1999; ... INTRODUCTION Significant theoretical and empirical advances have been made in the past two decades in understanding the nonequilibrium nature of forest communities and ecosystems (Pickett et al. 1994), and the importance of periodic disturbance in driving recovery, compositional ...
Episodic reproduction in two fire-prone palms, Serenoa repens and Sabal etonia (Palmae).
Jan 01, 1999; ... INTRODUCTION The induction of flowering is influenced by a variety of factors external to plants including photoperiod, temperature, and precipitation. However, plant species differ markedly in how they respond to each of these factors. In temperate regions, for example, a ...
Effects of foliar herbivory on male and female reproductive traits of wild radish, Raphanus raphanistrum.
Jan 01, 1999; ... INTRODUCTION Foliar herbivory can affect plant fitness directly through changes in plant traits, and indirectly by altering pollinator visitation patterns to damaged plants (Strauss et al. 1996, Strauss 1997, Lehtila and Strauss 1997). Floral traits, as well as leaf characters, ...
The consequences of floral herbivory for pollinator service to Isomeris arborea.
Jan 01, 1999; ... INTRODUCTION Herbivores that feed upon floral structures reduce the reproductive success of many plant species (Breedlove and Ehrlich 1968, Inouye 1982, Zammit and Hood 1986, Schemske and Horvitz 1988, Evans et al. 1989, Wallace and O'Dowd 1989, Pettersson 1991, English-Loeb and ...
The effect of floral herbivory on male and female reproductive success in Isomeris arborea.
Jan 01, 1999; ... INTRODUCTION Flower-feeding herbivores may consume but a small fraction of their host plant's biomass, but then can have large effects on host reproductive success (Breedlove and Ehrlich 1968, Louda 1982, Zammit and Hood 1986, Schemske and Horvitz 1988, Wallace and O'Dowd 1989, ...
Long-term consequences of disturbance on nitrogen dynamics in an arid ecosystem.
Jan 01, 1999; ... INTRODUCTION Ecosystem structure and function are controlled by interactions between climate, resource availability, species composition, and disturbance regime (Chapin et al. 1996). Anthropogenic activity is causing global changes in each of these factors through global ...
Carbon balance of a boreal bog during a year within an exceptionally dry summer.
Jan 01, 1999; ... INTRODUCTION Climate change caused by the anthropogenic greenhouse effect may emerge as a large-scale disturbance factor for northern peatlands. Daily changes in peat temperature and in the water table influence the diurnal dynamics of aerobic and anaerobic decomposition and gas ...
Can litter decomposability be predicted by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy?
Jan 01, 1999; ... INTRODUCTION Litter decomposition is one of the key processes in forest ecosystem functioning; this is the reason why so many studies have been devoted to it (1000 papers published since 1980 according to Heal et al. [1997]). As emphasized by Swift et al. (1979), the rate of ...
Light gradient partitioning among tropical tree species through differential seedling mortality and growth.
Jan 01, 1999; ... INTRODUCTION For temperate and tropical trees, surviving and growing through juvenile stages are major bottlenecks to achieving canopy occupancy. Thus it is not surprising that tree species differences in juvenile growth and survivorship strongly influence forest dynamics, ...
Population dynamics of light-limited phytoplankton: microcosm experiments.
Jan 01, 1999; ... INTRODUCTION Many concepts in aquatic ecology are based on the light gradient. For example, for a given light gradient it is possible to indicate the depth of the euphotic zone, where most photosynthesis takes place (cf. Reynolds 1984). For a given light gradient it is possible ...
Competition for light between phytoplankton species: experimental tests of mechanistic theory.
Jan 01, 1999; ... INTRODUCTION Light is the sole energy source for nearly all plant species, ranging from the tiny phytoplankton to giant sequoia trees. As a consequence, the availability of light has a major impact on the dynamics and structure of most aquatic and terrestrial communities. Light ...
Differential responses of littoral communities to ultraviolet radiation in an alpine lake.
Jan 01, 1999; ... INTRODUCTION The direct effects of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on aquatic food webs may be mediated by community- and species-specific sensitivities that result from differences in adaptive strategies and habitat conditions. UV radiation can inhibit algal photosynthesis (Moeller ...
Competitive mechanisms underlying the displacement of native ants by the invasive Argentine ant.
Jan 01, 1999; ... INTRODUCTION For the past several decades, research in invasion biology has focused on predicting the outcome of biological invasions. To this end, ecologists have tried to identify attributes common to highly invasive species, determine factors that govern establishment and ...
Differential colonization success and asymmetrical interactions between two lizard species.
Jan 01, 1999; ... INTRODUCTION Many factors potentially could explain why a species is present on some islands and not others. One factor of paramount importance is dispersal ability; many studies have documented that the distribution of populations of good dispersers is more widespread than that ...
Differences in body size among chuckwalla (Sauromalus obesus) populations.
Jan 01, 1999; ... INTRODUCTION Body size is perhaps the most important factor influencing life-history strategy of organisms (Miles and Dunham 1992), and body size in turn is influenced by phylogeny, proximate responses to environmental conditions, and natural and sexual selection. Studies of ...
Avian habitat selection: pattern from process in nest-site use by ducks?
Jan 01, 1999; ... INTRODUCTION Organisms are typically not distributed randomly among habitats, and it is generally assumed that nonrandom distribution patterns result from natural selection (Southwood 1977). Interspecific differences in habitat selection are often ascribed to variation in ...
Long-term reproductive output in western gulls: consequences of alternate tactics in diet choice.
Jan 01, 1999; ... INTRODUCTION Studies of reproductive performance have long been key elements of evolutionary ecology, because successful reproduction is directly related to fitness. Lifetime reproductive success (LRS: Clutton-Brock 1988, Newton 1989), defined as "the sum of the reproductive ...
Is it meaningful to estimate a probability of extinction?
Jan 01, 1999; ... INTRODUCTION Population viability analysis (PVA) has been a popular tool for conservation biology since its development by Shaffer, Gilpin, and Soule (Shaffer 1981, Gilpin and Soule 1986, Shaffer 1987). PVA offers the prospect that sophisticated mathematical tools can be used to ...
Estimating effects of limiting factors with regression quantiles.
Jan 01, 1999; ... INTRODUCTION The law of limiting factors (Liebig's law of the minimum) is a basic tenet of ecological science. A limiting factor is the one least available among those factors that affect growth, survival, and reproduction of an organism. Any requisite factor has the potential ...
Cost of mutualism: competition, tree morphology, and pollen production in limber pine clusters.
Jan 01, 1999; ... INTRODUCTION Thompson (1982, 1994) has argued that many mutualisms result from the amelioration over evolutionary time of an antagonistic relationship between two species. An important consequence of this origin may be that not every aspect of the interaction between two ...
Dispersal of melastome seeds by fruit-eating birds of tropical forest understory.
Jan 01, 1999; ... INTRODUCTION Animals disperse the seeds of most plant species in Neotropical wet forests, especially in the understory where about 98% of treelet and shrub species have fleshy fruits (e.g., Gentry 1982). The ubiquity of animal seed dispersal indicates that such dispersal ...
Energetic constraints and the relationship between body size and home range area in mammals.
Jan 01, 1999; ... INTRODUCTION A recent review on the relationship between home range size and body size in mammals concluded that "we presently know less about the scaling of home range area than about the dependence on size of almost any other ecological, anatomical or behavioral variable" ...
Tree regression analysis on the nesting habitat of smallmouth bass.
Jan 01, 1999; ... INTRODUCTION Smallmouth bass are among numerous species that reproduce in the nearshore environment of lakes, where physical and biological conditions are typically very heterogeneous. Goff (1985) and Shuter et al. (1980) have documented the fragility of this species during the ...
The Ecology and Evolution of Clonal Plants.(Review)
Jan 01, 1999; ... de Kroon, Hans, and Jan van Groenendael, editors. 1997. Backhuys, Leiden, The Netherlands. xii + 453 p. $67.00, ISBN: 90-7334873-0. Pioneering field studies in the 1970s and early 1980s set the stage for two important conferences concerning clonal plant biology. These ...
Molecular Evolution and Adaptive Radiation.(Review)
Jan 01, 1999; ... Givnish, Thomas J., and Kenneth J. Sytsma, editors. 1997. Cambridge University Press, New York. xvii + 621 p. $105.00, ISBN: 0-521-57329-7. An old instructional film on molluscan diversity by Ralph Buchsbaum ends with the congratulatory statement that the Molluscs provide a good ...
Induced Responses to Herbivory.(Review)
Jan 01, 1999; ... Karban, Richard, and Ian T. Baldwin. 1997. Interspecific interactions. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois. ix + 319 p. $44.00, [pounds]35.25 (cloth), ISBN: 0-226-42495-2 (alk. paper); $17.95, [pounds]14.25 (paper), ISBN: 0-226-42496-00 (alk. paper). To say that ...
Marine Biodiversity: Patterns and Processes.(Review)
Jan 01, 1999; ... Ormond, Rupert F. G., John D. Gage, and Martin Vivian Angel, editors. 1997. Cambridge University Press, New York. xxii + 449 p. $74.95, ISBN: 0-521-55222-2. Since the term biological diversity (Lovejoy, T. 1980. "Foreword" in Michael E. Soule and Bruce A. Wilcox, editors. ...
Plant Responses to Elevated CO2: Evidence from Natural Springs.(Review)
Jan 01, 1999; ... Raschi, A., E Milglietta, R. Tognetti, and Paul Richard van Gardingen, editors. 1997. Cambridge University Press, New York. xiv + 272 p. $69.95 ISBN: 0-521-58203-2. Successful research often involves a search for the proper material and/or settings to address critical scientific ...
Scaling-Up: From Cell to Landscape.(Review)
Jan 01, 1999; ... van Gardingen, Paul Richard, Guiles M. Foody, and Paul J. Curran, editors. 1997. Society for Experimental Biology Seminar Series 63. Cambridge University Press, New York. xiv + 386 p. $120.00, ISBN 0-521-47109-5. A vast store of scientific knowledge is accumulating from ...