Journal of Climate back issues from July 2007:
Special Issue on Indian Ocean Climate*
Jul 01, 2007; ... In the past, great advances in Indian Ocean research have emerged after expeditions by research vessels such as the Discovery in the 1930s or international cooperative observational programs such as the International Indian Ocean Expedition (1960-65) and ship surveys during the World Ocean ...
The Years of El Niño, La Niña, and Interactions with the Tropical Indian Ocean
Jul 01, 2007; ... ABSTRACT The Indian Ocean zonal dipole is a mode of variability in sea surface temperature that seriously affects the climate of many nations around the Indian Ocean rim, as well as the global climate system. It has been the subject of increasing research, and sometimes of scientific ...
Decadal Modulations of the Indian Ocean Dipole in the SINTEX-F1 Coupled GCM
Jul 01, 2007; ... ABSTRACT The decadal variation in the tropical Indian Ocean is investigated using outputs from a 200-yr integration of the Scale Interaction Experiment-Frontier Research Center for Global Change (SINTEX-F1) oceanatmosphere coupled model. The first EOF mode of the decadal bandpass- (9-35 ...
Mechanisms for the Interannual Variability in the Tropical Indian Ocean. Part I: The Role of Remote Forcing from the Tropical Pacific
Jul 01, 2007; ... ABSTRACT A series of experiments are conducted using a coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation model in regional coupled mode, which permits active air-sea interaction only within the Indian Ocean to the north of 30°S, with sea surface temperatures (SSTs) prescribed over the rest of ...
Indian Ocean Variability in the GFDL Coupled Climate Model
Jul 01, 2007; ... ABSTRACT The interannual variability of the Indian Ocean, with particular focus on the Indian Ocean dipole/zonal mode (IODZM), is investigated in a 250-yr simulation of the GFDL coupled global general circulation model (CGCM). The CGCM successfully reproduces many fundamental ...
Mechanisms for the Interannual Variability in the Tropical Indian Ocean. Part II: Regional Processes
Jul 01, 2007; ... ABSTRACT To understand the mechanisms of the interannual variability in the tropical Indian Ocean, two long-term simulations are conducted using a coupled ocean-atmosphere GCM-one with active air-sea coupling over the global ocean and the other with regional coupling restricted within ...
A Diagnostic Study of the Indian Ocean Dipole Mode in El Niño and Non-El Niño Years
Jul 01, 2007; ... ABSTRACT The Indian Ocean dipole mode (IODM) is examined by comparing the characteristics of oceanic and atmospheric circulations, heat budgets, and possible mechanisms of IODM between El Niño and non-El Niño years. Forty-year ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data, Reynolds SST data, and ocean ...
Pathways and Effects of the Indonesian Throughflow Water in the Indian Ocean Using Particle Trajectory and Tracers in an OGCM
Jul 01, 2007; ... ABSTRACT The 3D pathways of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) in the Indian Ocean are identified using an OGCM, with a combined set of tools: 1) Lagrangian particle trajectories, 2) passive tracers, and 3) active tracers (temperature and salinity). Each of these tools has its own ...
Intraseasonal Variability of Equatorial Indian Ocean Zonal Currents
Jul 01, 2007; ... ABSTRACT New satellite and in situ observations show large intraseasonal (10-60 day) variability of surface winds and upper-ocean current in the equatorial Indian Ocean, particularly in the east. An ocean model forced by the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) wind stress is used to study the ...
Termination of Indian Ocean Dipole Events in a Coupled General Circulation Model
Jul 01, 2007; ... ABSTRACT Using 200 yr of coupled general circulation model (CGCM) results, causes for the termination of Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) events are investigated. The CGCM used here is the Scale Interaction Experiment-Frontier Research Center for Global Change (SINTEX-F1) model, which consists ...
Wind-Driven Response of the Northern Indian Ocean to Climate Extremes*
Jul 01, 2007; ... ABSTRACT Composites of Florida State University winds (1970-99) for four different climate scenarios are used to force an Indian Ocean model. In addition to the mean climatology, the cases include La Niña. El Niño, and the Indian Ocean dipole (IOD). The differences in upper-ocean water ...
Indo-Pacific Sea Surface Temperature Perturbations Associated with Intraseasonal Oscillations of Tropical Convection
Jul 01, 2007; ... ABSTRACT The intraseasonal variability (ISV; 20-90 days) of the SST is examined using 7 yr of data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission's (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI). The ISV of the SST is larger in the summer hemisphere and in regions of relatively small ocean mixed layer ...
The Influence of Tropical Indian Ocean SST on the Indian Summer Monsoon
Jul 01, 2007; ... ABSTRACT The Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is one of the main components of the Asian summer monsoon. It is well known that one of the starting mechanisms of a summer monsoon is the thermal contrast between land and ocean and that sea surface temperature (SST) and moisture are crucial ...
Modeling Decadal Changes on the Indian Ocean Section I5 at 32°S
Jul 01, 2007; ... ABSTRACT A near-global ocean model with resolution enhanced in the southern Indian Ocean has been spun up to seasonal equilibrium and then driven by NCEP-NCAR reanalysis 1 monthly mean forcings and Hadley SSTs over the period 1948-2002. The aim was to simulate changes in the subsurface ...
Modeling the Variability of the Greater Agulhas Current System
Jul 01, 2007; ... ABSTRACT An eddy-permitting, regional ocean model has been used to examine the variability in the source regions of the Agulhas Current on a range of time scales. These source regions are the East Madagascar Current, the flow through the Mozambique Channel, and the recirculation of the ...
Impacts of ENSO and Indian Ocean Dipole Events on the Southern Hemisphere Storm-Track Activity during Austral Winter
Jul 01, 2007; ... ABSTRACT Impacts of the ENSO and Indian Ocean dipole (IOD) phenomena on winter storm-track activity over the Southern Hemisphere are examined on the basis of the observed and reanalysis data for 1979-2003. The partial correlation technique is utilized to distinguish the impact of one ...
Possible Impact of the Indian Ocean SST on the Northern Hemisphere Circulation during El Niño*
Jul 01, 2007; ... ABSTRACT Two atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs), differing in numerics and physical parameterizations, are employed to test the hypothesis that El Niño-induced sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies in the tropical Indian Ocean impact considerably the Northern Hemisphere ...
Explorations of the Annual Mean Heat Budget of the Tropical Indian Ocean. Part I: Studies with an Idealized Model
Jul 01, 2007; ... ABSTRACT Annual mean net heat fluxes from ocean general circulation models (OGCMs) are systematically too low in the tropical Indian Ocean, compared to observations. In the models, only some of the geostrophic inflow replacing southward Ekman outflow is colder than the minimum sea ...
Explorations of the Annual Mean Heat Budget of the Tropical Indian Ocean. Part II: Studies with a Simplified Ocean General Circulation Model
Jul 01, 2007; ... ABSTRACT Present-day OGCMs give low values of annual mean net heat flux (AMNHF) in the tropical Indian Ocean, compared to climatologies. AMNHF generation is examined in an open-boundary model of this region with realistic coastlines. In the first two of three experiments only annual mean ...
Simulated Seasonal and Interannual Variability of the Mixed Layer Heat Budget in the Northern Indian Ocean*
Jul 01, 2007; ... ABSTRACT A global ocean general circulation model (OGCM) is used to investigate the mixed layer heat budget of the northern Indian Ocean (NIO). The model is validated against observations and shows fairly good agreement with mixed layer depth data in the NIO. The NIO has been separated ...
Annual, Seasonal, and Interannual Variability of Air-Sea Heat Fluxes in the Indian Ocean
Jul 01, 2007; ... ABSTRACT This study investigated the accuracy and physical representation of air-sea surface heat flux estimates for the Indian Ocean on annual, seasonal, and interannual time scales. Six heat flux products were analyzed, including the newly developed latent and sensible heat fluxes from ...
A Model-Based Assessment and Design of a Tropical Indian Ocean Mooring Array
Jul 01, 2007; ... ABSTRACT A series of observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) are performed for the tropical Indian Ocean (±15° from the equator) using a simple analysis system. The analysis system projects an array of observations onto the dominant empirical orthogonal functions (EOFs) derived ...
An Observing System Simulation Experiment for an Optimal Moored Instrument Array in the Tropical Indian Ocean
Jul 01, 2007; ... ABSTRACT In this paper, a series of observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) are used to study the design of a proposed array of instrumented moorings in the Indian Ocean (IO) outlined by the IO panel of the Climate Variability and Predictability (CLIVAR) Project. Fields of the ...
Seasonal-to-Interannual Forecasting of Tropical Indian Ocean Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies: Potential Predictability and Barriers
Jul 01, 2007; ... ABSTRACT Whether seasonally phased-locked persistence and predictability barriers, similar to the boreal spring barriers found for El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), exist for the tropical Indian Ocean sector climate is investigated using observations and hindcasts from two coupled ...
An Observing System Simulation Experiment for the Indian Ocean
Jul 01, 2007; ... ABSTRACT An integrated in situ Indian Ocean observing system (IndOOS) is simulated using a high-resolution ocean general circulation model (OGCM) with daily mean forcing, including an estimate of subdaily oceanic variability derived from observations. The inclusion of subdaily noise is ...
Physical Processes Associated with the Tropical Atlantic SST Gradient during the Anomalous Evolution in the Southeastern Ocean
Jul 15, 2007; ... ABSTRACT This work is focused on the evolution of the dominant air-sea coupled mode in the equatorial and southeastern tropical Atlantic and the associated physical processes. It is shown that in June-August (JJA) the evolution of the dominant mode is mainly dynamically driven and ...
Wind Run Changes: The Dominant Factor Affecting Pan Evaporation Trends in Australia
Jul 15, 2007; ... ABSTRACT The Class A pan evaporation rates at many Australian observing stations have reportedly decreased between 1970 and 2002. That pan evaporation rates have decreased at the same time that temperatures have increased has become known as the "pan evaporation paradox." Pan ...
South Atlantic Variability Arising from Air-Sea Coupling: Local Mechanisms and Tropical-Subtropical Interactions
Jul 15, 2007; ... ABSTRACT Interannual variability in the southern and equatorial Atlantic is investigated using an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) coupled to a slab ocean model (SOM) in the Atlantic in order to isolate features of air-sea interactions particular to this basin. Simulated ...
Asymmetric Responses of Tropical Precipitation during ENSO
Jul 15, 2007; ... ABSTRACT In response to the zonally symmetric El Niño-Southern Oscillation forcing, hemispherically asymmetric tropical precipitation anomalies associated with the Hadley circulation are found. In boreal spring after an El Niño peak phase, positive tropical precipitation anomalies occur ...
On Sub-ENSO Variability
Jul 15, 2007; ... ABSTRACT Multichannel singular spectrum analysis (MSSA) of surface zonal wind, sea surface temperature (SST), 20° isotherm depth, and surface zonal current observations (between 1990 and 2004) identifies three coupled ocean-atmosphere modes of variability in the tropical Pacific: the El ...
Processes Controlling the Mean Tropical Pacific Precipitation Pattern. Part I: The Andes and the Eastern Pacific ITCZ
Jul 15, 2007; ... ABSTRACT The question of why the intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is generally north of the equator in the tropical Pacific is addressed. Experiments with an atmospheric general circulation model coupled to idealized representations of the ocean show that the presence of the Andes ...
The Response of the Extratropical Hydrological Cycle to Global Warming
Jul 15, 2007; ... ABSTRACT The change in the hydrological cycle in the extratropics under global warming is studied using the climate models participating in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report. The changes in hydrological quantities are analyzed with respect to ...
A Synoptic Climatology of the Central United States and Associations with Pacific Teleconnection Pattern Frequency
Jul 15, 2007; ... ABSTRACT A synoptic climatological weather classification scheme incorporating both surface and upper-air data is developed for the central United States based on an automated two-step cluster analysis. It employs daily NCEP-NCAR reanalysis data over all seasons of 57 yr (1948-2004) in ...
Decadal Changes of Wind Stress over the Southern Ocean Associated with Antarctic Ozone Depletion
Jul 15, 2007; ... ABSTRACT Using 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data and in situ observations, the positive trend of Southern Ocean surface wind stress during two recent decades is detected, and its close linkage with spring Antarctic ozone depletion is established. The spring Antarctic ozone depletion ...
Spatiotemporal Patterns and Return Periods of Tropical Storm and Hurricane Strikes from Texas to Maine
Jul 15, 2007; ... ABSTRACT The authors analyze 105 yr (1901-2005) of tropical cyclone strikes at 45 coastal locations from Brownsville, Texas, to Eastport, Maine, with the primary objective of examining spatiotemporal patterns of storm activity. Interpretation of the data suggests that geographically, ...
The Sensitivity of the Radiation Budget in a Climate Simulation to Neglecting the Effect of Small Ice Particles
Jul 15, 2007; ... ABSTRACT The sensitivity of the atmospheric radiation budget to ignoring small ice particles (D ≤ 100 µm) in parameterization of the mean effective size of ice particles was investigated by using the Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) third-generation ...
Investigating the Impact of Reemerging Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies on the Winter Atmospheric Circulation over the North Atlantic
Jul 15, 2007; ... ABSTRACT Extratropical SSTs can be influenced by the "reemergence mechanism," whereby thermal anomalies in the deep winter mixed layer persist at depth through summer and are then reentrained into the mixed layer in the following winter. The impact of reemergence in the North Atlantic ...
Decadal Climate Variability: Is There a Tidal Connection?
Jul 15, 2007; ... ABSTRACT A possible connection between oceanic tides and climate variability arises from modulations in tidally induced vertical mixing. The idea is reexamined here with emphasis on near-decadal time scales. Occasional extreme tides caused by unusually favorable alignments of the moon ...
The Tropical Atmospheric El Niño Signal in Satellite Precipitation Data and a Global Climate Model
Jul 15, 2007; ... ABSTRACT Aspects of the tropical atmospheric response to El Niño related to the global energy and water cycle are examined using satellite retrievals from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission and the Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer-E and simulations from the Goddard Institute ...
Relationships between Climate Variability and Fluctuations in Daily Precipitation over the United States
Jul 15, 2007; ... ABSTRACT Fluctuations in the frequency of daily precipitation occurrence and in the intensity of daily precipitation over the United States during the period 1948-2004 are identified and linked to leading sources of interannual and interdecadal climate variability. The El Niño-Southern ...
Modeled Impact of Anthropogenic Land Cover Change on Climate
Jul 15, 2007; ... ABSTRACT Equilibrium experiments with the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory's climate model are used to investigate the impact of anthropogenic land cover change on climate. Regions of altered land cover include large portions of Europe, India, eastern China, and the eastern United ...
Cluster Analysis of Typhoon Tracks. Part I: General Properties
Jul 15, 2007; ... ABSTRACT A new probabilistic clustering technique, based on a regression mixture model, is used to describe tropical cyclone trajectories in the western North Pacific. Each component of the mixture model consists of a quadratic regression curve of cyclone position against time. The ...
Coupled Decadal Variability in the North Pacific: An Observationally Constrained Idealized Model*
Jul 15, 2007; ... ABSTRACT Air-sea coupled variability is investigated in this study by focusing on the observed sea surface temperature signals in the Kuroshio Extension (KE) region of 32°-38°N and 142°E-180°. In this region, both the oceanic circulation variability and the heat exchange variability ...
Cluster Analysis of Typhoon Tracks. Part II: Large-Scale Circulation and ENSO
Jul 15, 2007; ... ABSTRACT A new probabilistic clustering method, based on a regression mixture model, is used to describe tropical cyclone (TC) propagation in the western North Pacific (WNP). Seven clusters were obtained and described in Part I of this two-part study. In Part II, the present paper, the ...
Comments on "Testing the Fidelity of Methods Used in Proxy-Based Reconstructions of Past Climate"/Reply
Jul 15, 2007; ... ABSTRACT Mann et el. found that a version of the Regularized Expectation Maximization (RegEM) method to reconstruct the temperatures of the last millennium showed similar results to previous reconstructions in one of their earlier papers. They also tested the RegEM method in the ...
Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Feedback in the Southern Annular Mode
Jul 15, 2007; ... ABSTRACT Previous studies have demonstrated that while the Southern Annular Mode (SAM) is an intrinsic feature of the atmosphere, it projects strongly onto the ocean and sea ice properties and circulation. This study investigates the extent of "back interaction" whereby these oceanic SAM ...
Comments on "Biases in Stratospheric and Tropospheric Temperature Trends Derived from Historical Radiosonde Data"/Reply
Jul 15, 2007; ... Randel and Wu (2006, hereafter RW) examine time series of differences between microwave sounding unit (MSU) channel-4 [lower stratosphere (LS)] equivalent radiosonde temperature observations and actual MSU LS satellite data and find many abrupt shifts in those difference series. They conclude ...