Journal of Dairy Science back issues from September 2006:
Induction of Interleukin-12 by Lactobacillus Strains Having a Rigid Cell Wall Resistant to Intracellular Digestion
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Some strains of lactobacilli can stimulate macrophages and dendritic cells to secrete IL-12, which plays a key role in activating innate immunity. We examined the IL-12-inducing ability of 47 Lactobacillus strains belonging to 10 species in mouse peritoneal macrophages, and ...
Enhanced Nutty Flavor Formation in Cheddar Cheese Made with a Malty Lactococcus lactis Adjunct Culture
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Nutty flavor in Cheddar cheese is desirable, and recent research demonstrated that 2- and 3-methyl butanal and 2-methyl propanal were primary sources of nutty flavors in Cheddar. Because malty strains of Lactococcus lactis (formerly Streptococcus lactis var. maltigenes) are ...
Monitoring the Chemical and Textural Changes During Ripening of Iranian White Cheese Made with Different Concentrations of Starter
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT The effect of the concentration of starter inoculated to milk on the composition, free tyrosine-tryptophan content, microstructure, opacity, and fracture stress of Iranian White cheese (IWC) was studied during 50 d of ripening in brine. Three treatments of cheese were made using ...
Activity and Nature of Plasminogen Activators Associated with the Casein Micelle
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT In fresh milk, plasminogen, the zymogen form of plasmin (PL), is the predominant form. Therefore, plasminogen activators (PA) can contribute significantly to PL activity in milk. Both tissue-type PA (tPA) and urokinase-type PA (uPA) exist in milk; however, contradictory findings ...
Bioactive Peptides in Ovine and Caprine Cheeselike Systems Prepared with Proteases from Cynara cardunculus
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT The potential angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory and antioxidant activities of peptides in water-soluble extracts, obtained from raw and sterilized ovine and caprine cheeselike systems coagulated with enzymes from the plant Cynara cardunculus, were assessed. Prior to ...
Discrimination of Dairy Industry Isolates of the Lactobacillus casei Group
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Lactobacilli are a major part of the microflora of the gut and of many fermented dairy products, and are found in a variety of environments. Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, and Lactobacillus zeae form a closely related taxonomic group ...
Effect of Protein Composition on the Cheese-Making Properties of Milk from Individual Dairy Cows
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of variations in milk protein composition on milk clotting properties and cheese yield. Milk was collected from 134 dairy cows of Swedish Red and White, Swedish Holstein, and Danish Holstein-Friesian breed at 3 sampling ...
Antihypertensive Effect of Peptides Obtained from Enterococcus faecalis-Fermented Milk in Rats
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Previous studies have demonstrated that milk fermented with Enterococcus faecalis decreases the systolic blood pressure (SBP) and the diastolic blood pressure (DBP) of spontaneously hypertensive rats. In this study, we evaluated the antihypertensive activity of the following ...
Escherichia coli Isolates' Serotypes, Genotypes, and Virulence Genes and Clinical Coliform Mastitis Severity
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Dairy cattle with clinical mastitis caused by Escherichia coli exhibit a wide range of disease severity, from mild, with only local inflammatory changes of the mammary gland, to severe, with significant systemic derangement. The present study was designed to examine the ...
Identification and Characterization of Novel Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors Obtained from Goat Milk
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT The aim of the present study was to identify and characterize new inhibitory peptides of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) from goat milk and to analyze the effect of long-term intake of a goat milk hydrolysate-supplemented (GP-hyd) diet on the development of hypertension in ...
Pregnancy, Bovine Somatotropin, and Dietary n-3 Fatty Acids in Lactating Dairy Cows: II. Endometrial Gene Expression Related to Maintenance of Pregnancy
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT The objectives were to examine the effects of bovine somatotropin (bST), pregnancy, and dietary fatty acids on expression of key endometrial genes and proteins regulating prostaglandin synthesis in lactating dairy cows. Two diets were fed, at about 17 d in milk (DIM), in which ...
Pregnancy, Bovine Somatotropin, and Dietary n-3 Fatty Acids in Lactating Dairy Cows: I. Ovarian, Conceptus, and Growth Hormone-Insulin-Like Growth Factor System Responses
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT The objective was to examine effects of bovine somatotropin (bST), pregnancy, and dietary fatty acids on reproductive responses in lactating dairy cows. Beginning at approximately 17 d in milk (DIM), a comparison was made of isoenergetic diets comprising supplementary lipids of ...
Ceftiofur Derivatives in Serum, Uterine Tissues, Cotyledons, and Lochia after Fetal Membrane Retention
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT The objective of the study was to determine concentrations of ceftiofur derivatives after subcutaneous application of ceftiofur hydrochloride in cows with retained fetal membranes. Concentrations of ceftiofur derivatives detected as desfuroylceftiofuracetamide were determined in ...
Mathematical Model of the Acute Inflammatory Response to Escherichia coli in Intramammary Challenge
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT We constructed a mathematical model of the early response to Escherichia coli infection of the mammary gland and explored the roles and interactions between inflammatory cells and bacteria. The model incorporates 3 equations that describe the interactions among bacteria, milk ...
Pregnancy, Bovine Somatotropin, and Dietary n-3 Fatty Acids in Lactating Dairy Cows: III. Fatty Acid Distribution
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Our objective was to examine effects of exogenous bovine somatotropin (bST), pregnancy, and dietary fatty acids on fatty acid distribution in various tissues of lactating dairy cows. Two diets were fed, starting about 17 d in milk (DIM), in which oil of whole cotton-seed ...
Optimizing Ovulation to First GnRH Improved Outcomes to Each Hormonal Injection of Ovsynch in Lactating Dairy Cows
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Ovulatory response to the first GnRH of Ovsynch is the critical determinant for successful synchronization of ovulation in dairy cows. Our objective in this study was to develop a pre-Ovsynch treatment that increased the percentage of cows that ovulated in response to the first ...
Characterization of Bovine Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT A protein of relative molecular mass of approximately 25,000 was purified from bovine colostrum by cationexchange and size-exclusion chromatography. The N-terminus of the protein matched the sequence predicted by the National Center for Biotechnology Information for the bovine ...
Fecal Shedding of Klebsiella pneumoniae by Dairy Cows
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Klebsiella pneumoniae is a common cause of clinical mastitis in dairy cattle. Wood products are considered to be the main source of Klebsiella on dairy farms. Environmental hygiene and use of inorganic bedding materials such as sand are recommended to control Klebsiella ...
Heat-Treatment of Bovine Colostrum. II: Effects of Heating Duration on Pathogen Viability and Immunoglobulin G
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Batches (30-L) of first-milking bovine colostrum, inoculated with Mycoplasma bovis (10^sup 8^ cfu/mL), Listeria monocytogenes (10^sup 6^ cfu/mL), Escherichia coll O157:H7 (10^sup 6^ cfu/mL), Salmonella enteritidis (10^sup 6^ cfu/mL), and Mycobacterium avium subsp ....
Evaluation of the Voluntary Johne's Disease Herd Status Program as a Source of Replacement Cattle
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were to evaluate the perceived value that enrolled producers gained from participation in the Voluntary Johne's Disease Herd Status Program (VJDHSP), and to evaluate the risk of infection with Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) of cattle ...
Milk Cortisol Concentration in Automatic Milking Systems Compared with Auto-Tandem Milking Parlors
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Milk cortisol concentration was determined under routine management conditions on 4 farms with an auto-tandem milking parlor and 8 farms with 1 of 2 automatic milking systems (AMS). One of the AMS was a partially forced (AMSp) system, and the other was a free cow traffic (AMSf) ...
Increasing Milking Intervals Decreases the Mammary Blood Flow and Mammary Uptake of Nutrients in Dairy Cows
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Increasing the milking intervals reduces milk yield. The aims of this study were to determine whether the reduction in milk yield could be explained by a decrease in mammary uptake of the nutrients or a decrease in the efficiency of the mammary gland in using the milk precursors ...
Effects of Perennial Ryegrass Cultivars on Milk Yield and Nitrogen Utilization in Grazing Dairy Cows
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT The effects of 4 diploid perennial ryegrass cultivars that differed in water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) concentrations on milk yield and nitrogen (N) utilization in dairy cows were evaluated in a 2-yr grazing experiment. Twelve lactating dairy cows were assigned to 1 cultivar ...
Short Communication: Genetic Selection for Milk Production Increases Plasma Ghrelin in Dairy Cows
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Ghrelin is an endogenous ligand of the growth hormone secretagogue receptor and a potent orexigenic agent in human and rodent studies, but there is limited information about its effect in dairy cows. Twelve low genetic merit and 9 high genetic merit Holstein-Friesian dairy cows ...
Changes in Llama (Lama glama) Milk Composition During Lactation
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Milk samples were collected weekly from 10 llamas during the first 27 wk after parturition under controlled stable conditions. Mean values for the concentrations of the major milk components across the lactation period were 4.70% fat, 4.23% protein, 5.93% lactose, 15.61% dry ...
Absorption and Digestive Tract Metabolism of 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylthiobutanoic Acid in Lambs
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Anabolic availability of the hydroxyl methionine analog, 2-hydroxy-4-methylthiobutanoic acid (HMTBA), given as oral doses to lambs, was quantified both directly as appearance in the portal vein and as synthesis to Met by digestive tract tissues. Eight lambs, prepared with ...
Short Communication: Effectiveness of Sample Duplication to Control Error in Ruminant Digestion Studies1
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Eight ruminally cannulated lactating dairy cows from a study on the effect of dietary rumen-degraded protein on production and digestion of nutrients were used to assess using sample duplication to control day-to-day variation within animals and errors associated with sampling ...
Short Communication: Effect of Number of Extractions on Percentage of Long-Chain Fatty Acids from Fresh Alfalfa1
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Accurate determination of fatty acids in fresh forage is very important when studying biohydrogenation. Fatty acids from fresh alfalfa were extracted by hexane:isopropanol (H:IP, 3:2 vol/vol) in 3 sequential extractions. The percentage and profile of fatty acids from each of the ...
Selenium Supplementation of Lactating Dairy Cows: Effect on Selenium Concentration in Blood, Milk, Urine, and Feces
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT The objectives were to determine effects of graded levels of selenized yeast derived from a specific strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (CNCM I-3060) on animal performance and in selenium concentrations in the blood, milk, feces, and urine of dairy cows compared with sodium ...
Holstein-Friesian Strain and Feed Effects on Milk Production, Body Weight, and Body Condition Score Profiles in Grazing Dairy Cows
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Data from 113 lactations across 76 cows between the years 2002 to 2004 were used to determine the effect of strain of Holstein-Friesian (HF) dairy cow and concentrate supplementation on milk production, body weight (BW), and body condition score (BCS; 1 to 5 scale) lactation ...
Feed Stalls Affect the Social and Feeding Behavior of Lactating Dairy Cows
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT The first objective of this study was to study the effects of increased bunk space on the frequency of aggressive behavior at the feed bunk and on feed access. The second objective was to determine whether the addition of partitions (feed stalls) between adjacent cows would ...
Analysis of the Relationship Between Somatic Cell Score and Functional Longevity in Canadian Dairy Cattle
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to assess the level of somatic cell count (SCC) and to explore the impact of somatic cell score (SCS) on the functional longevity of Canadian dairy cattle by using a Weibull proportional hazards model. Data consisted of 1,911,428 cows from 15,970 herds ...
Use of Repeated Measures Analysis for Evaluation of Genetic Background of Dairy Cattle Behavior in Automatic Milking Systems
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Milking frequencies measured at official test days were used with repeated measurement analysis to reveal the environmental and genetic impact on the milking frequency of cows in automatic milking systems. Repeated measurements were 3 test-day observations per cow within days in ...
Silage Chop Length and Hay Supplementation on Milk Yield, Chewing Activity, and Ruminal Digestion by Dairy Cows
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT The effects of whole-plant corn silage (CS) particle size and long unprocessed grass hay (LH) supplementation on milk yield, chewing activity, and ruminal digestion in dairy cows were evaluated in 2 experiments. In Experiment 1, corn silage harvested at fine (6 mm; FCS) or ...
Effects of Dairy Cow Diet Forage Proportion on Duodenal Nutrient Supply and Urinary Purine Derivative Excretion
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Four mature Holstein-Friesian dairy cows were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square change-over design experiment made up of four 4-wk periods to investigate the relationship between microbial protein flow to the duodenum and excretion of purine derivatives (PD) in the urine. Four ...
Quantitative Trait Loci Affecting Fertility and Calving Traits in Swedish Dairy Cattle
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Impaired fertility is the main reason for involuntary culling of dairy cows in Sweden. The objective of this study was to map quantitative trait loci (QTL) influencing fertility and calving traits in the Swedish dairy cattle population. The traits analyzed were number of ...
Estimating Fatty Acid Content in Cow Milk Using Mid-Infrared Spectrometry
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Interest in the fatty acid composition of dairy products is increasing; however, the measurement of fatty acids requires using gas-liquid chromatography. Although this method is suitable, it involves a time-consuming procedure, expensive reagents, and qualified staff. By ...
Diets During Far-Off and Close-Up Dry Periods Affect Periparturient Metabolism and Lactation in Multiparous Cows1
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of far-off and close-up diets on prepartum metabolism, postpartum metabolism, and postpartum performance of multiparous Holstein cows. From dry-off to -25 d relative to expected parturition (far-off dry period), cows ...
Effects of Feeding Frequency and Feeding Level on Nutrient Utilization in Heavy Preruminant Calves
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to determine the effects of feeding frequency (FF) and feeding level (FL) on protein and energy metabolism in adapted, heavy preruminant calves. It was hypothesized that an increased FF would increase protein utilization by an improved synchrony ...
Survival Rates and Productive Herd Life of Dairy Cattle in the United States
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Survival rates and productive herd life were examined for 13.8 million US dairy cows that calved from January 1, 1980, through March 2, 2005. Cows that left the herd for dairy purposes or were from herds that discontinued Dairy Herd Improvement testing were excluded from any ...
Association of Toll-Like Receptor 4 Polymorphisms with Somatic Cell Score and Lactation Persistency in Holstein Bulls
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Mastitis, an inflammatory disease of the mammary gland generally caused by intramammary infections, is the most frequently occurring disease in the North American dairy industry. Reduced milk yield, milk quality, and lactation persistency as well as early culling contribute to ...
Effects of Weaning and Ionophore Supplementation on Selected Blood Metabolites and Growth in Dairy Calves
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Dairy calf weaning results in blood ketone concentrations in excess of mature rates of use and can result in excretion of ketones in urine representing a loss of energy. Lasalocid is frequently supplemented as an anticoccidial agent in calf starters; however, in mature ruminants ...
Detection and Characterization of Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Markers for Clinical Mastitis in Canadian Holsteins
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Mastitis is the most frequent, complex, and costly disease in dairy cattle. Genetic improvement of milk production traits has accompanied an increased susceptibility to mastitis. To determine genome-wide quantitative trait locus-linked markers for mastitis resistance, a total of ...
Detection of Carryover in Automated Milk Sampling Equipment
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Equipment for sampling milk in automated milking systems may cause carryover problems if residues from one sample remain and are mixed with the subsequent sample. The degree of carryover can be estimated statistically by linear regression models. This study applied various ...
Random Regression Models for Male and Female Fertility Evaluation Using Longitudinal Binary Data
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT A longitudinal Bayesian threshold analysis of insemination outcomes was carried out using 2 random regression models with 3 (Model 1) and 5 (Model 2) parameters to model the additive genetic values at the liability scale. All insemination events of first-parity Holstein cows ...
Effects of Breed and Region on Longevity Traits Through Five Years of Age in Brown Swiss, Holstein, and Jersey Cows in the United States
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to assess breed, and breed × region interactions for several longevity-related traits, measured up to 5 yr of age in Brown Swiss, Holstein, and Jersey cows in 7 regions of the United States. Data were analyzed using logistic, poisson, and linear ...
Efficiency of Use of Imported Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium and Potential for Reducing Phosphorus Imports on Idaho Dairy Farms
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Eight commercial dairies from south central Idaho were surveyed to estimate the whole-farm surpluses of N, P, and K and to investigate the possibility of reducing P excretions through dietary manipulation. Nitrogen, P, and K imports and exports were monitored in a 12-mo period, ...
Within- and Across-Person Uniformity of Body Condition Scoring in Danish Holstein Cattle
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Body condition scores (BCS) are very useful for dairy herd management and breeding programs, but the consistency and quality of recordings made by consultants in the field are unknown. The objectives of this study were 1) to estimate the agreement in BCS within and among ...
Efficacy of Two Hydrogen Peroxide Teat Disinfectants Against Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae
Sep 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT An experimental teat dip containing 0.5% hydrogen peroxide as the active ingredient was compared with a teat disinfectant also containing 0.5% hydrogen peroxide that is commercially available throughout North America. The study was conducted under conditions of experimental ...