The Historian back issues from June 2007:
The other white gold: salt, slaves, the Turks and Caicos Islands, and British colonialism.
Jun 22, 2007; ... IN ONE OF the more famous slave narratives--in part because it was the first published account by a woman--Bermuda-born Mary Prince reported that "my master sent me away to Turk's Island. I was not permitted to see my mother or father, or poor sisters and brothers, to say good bye, though ...
Constitutional Unionists: the party that tried to stop Lincoln and save the Union.(formation of Constitutional Union Party, Abraham Lincoln)
Jun 22, 2007; ... ON 12 FEBRUARY 1860, nine months before the November presidential election, as the fate of the nation hung by a thread, the national Constitutional Union Party announced its formation with a clarion call to the American people. After denouncing the Democrats and Republicans for causing the ...
Genocide and ethnic cleansing? The fate of Russian "aliens and enemies" in the Finnish Civil War in 1918.
Jun 22, 2007; ... INTRODUCTION: TASK, SOURCES, AND POLITICAL SITUATION IN 1918 THIS STUDY EXAMINES the treatment of Russians and other "Russian" foreigners such as Baltic, Polish, and Ukrainian peoples during the Finnish Civil War. (1) It first provides an analysis of the most noteworthy "ethnic" ...
Foreign support for Venezuelan political exiles during the regime of Juan Vicente Gomez: the case of Mexico, 1923-33.
Jun 22, 2007; ... THE HISTORY OF LATIN AMERICA is littered with examples of the direct and indirect involvement of the United States in the internal affairs of certain countries that make up the region. (1) Less well known in the historiography of the area is the interference by various Latin American ...
The Persian Empire.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... The Persian Empire. By Lindsay Allen. (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 2005. Pp. 208. $39.95.) The author is a research fellow at Wolfson College, Oxford University, with relevant experience in Persian antiquities at the British Museum, London, and the Metropolitan ...
African Underclass: Urbanisation, Crime and Colonial Order in Dar es Salaam.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... African Underclass: Urbanisation, Crime & Colonial Order in Dar es Salaam. By Andrew Burton. (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 2005. Pp. xviii, 301. $26.95.) The Dar es Salaam of the reviewer's experience, a scant decade after the merger of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, was very ...
An Economic History of Imperial Madagascar, 1750-1895: The Rise and Fall of an Island Empire.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... An Economic History of Imperial Madagascar, 1750-1895: The Rise and Fall of an Island Empire, By Gwyn Campbell. (New York, N. Y.: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. xvii, 413. $90.00.) This is a much-anticipated work. For the past two decades, this author has been a leading ...
The Rise of Islam.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... The Rise of Islam. By Matthew S. Gordon. (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2005. Pp. xxxv, 180. $45.00.) Add this book to the list of good introductions to the origins of Islam for upper-level high school social science or first-year college humanities courses. What sets this text ...
The War for Muslim Minds: Islam and the West.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... The War for Muslim Minds: Islam and the West. By Gilles Kepel. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2004. Pp. 327. $23.95.) Eurocentric is not usually a compliment in the world of Middle Eastern Studies, and yet it is the moderate Eurocentric approach of the author that ...
We Are Fighting the World: A History of the Marashea Gangs in South Africa, 1947-1999.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... We Are Fighting the World: A History of the Marashea Gangs in South Africa, 1947-1999. By Gary Kynoch. (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 2005. Pp. xvi, 200. $22.95.) The author examines one of the major urban gangs among black South Africans: the Marashea (or Russian) gang ....
Ouidah: The Social History of a West African Slaving Port, 1727-1892.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... Ouidah: The Social History of a West African Slaving "Port," 1727-1892. By Robin Law. (Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press, 2005. Pp. xii, 308. $49.95.) This definitive history of the "port" of Ouidah is a painstaking reconstruction not just of the town's social history but ...
Stephen Decatur: American Naval Hero, 1779-1820.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... Stephen Decatur: American Naval Hero, 1779-1820. By Robert J. Allison. (Amherst and Boston, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press, 2005. Pp. viii, 253. $34.95.) Ignored by academic historians for almost seventy years, Stephen Decatur was the subject of two different but ...
How the Indians Lost Their Land: Law and Power on the Frontier.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... How the Indians Lost Their Land: Law and Power on the Frontier. By Stuart Banner. (Cambridge, Mass: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2005. Pp. 344. $29.95.) The author of this book, a law professor at the University of California, Los Angeles, has written a handy ...
The CIA and Congress: The Untold Story from Truman to Kennedy.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... The CIA & Congress: The Untold Story from Truman to Kennedy. By David M. Barrett. (Lawrence, Kans.: University Press of Kansas, 2005. Pp. x, 542. $39.95.) The ability of scholars to record and analyze the history of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) has been hampered for ...
One Christmas in Washington: The Secret Meeting Between Roosevelt and Churchill That Changed the World.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... One Christmas in Washington: The Secret Meeting between Roosevelt and Churchill that Changed the World. By David Bercuson and Holger Herwig. (Woodstock and New York, N.Y.: Overlook Press, 2005. Pp. 320. $29.95.) On the evening of 22 December 1941, just two weeks after the ...
Martha Washington: An American Life.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... Martha Washington: An American Life. By Patricia Brady. (New York, N.Y.: Viking, 2005. Pp. 276. $24.95.) This volume narrates the important life events of Martha Dandridge Custis Washington, and sets them in the broader context of American life. The resulting story is not ...
The Colossal P.T. Barnum Reader: Nothing Else Like It in the Universe.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... The Colossal P. T. Barnum Reader: Nothing Else Like It in the Universe. Edited by James W. Cook. (Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 2005. Pp. x, 258. $19.95.) The title of this marvelous record of the career of the nineteenth century's most famous human is pure humbug ....
A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from Their American Homeland.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... A Great and Noble Scheme: The Tragic Story of the Expulsion of the French Acadians from Their American Homeland. By John Mack Faragher. (New York, N.Y.: W. W. Norton & Company, 2005. Pp. xi, 562. $17.95.) This book, which is an excellent new narrative of the Acadian people, is a ...
Presidential Leadership: From Woodrow Wilson to Harry S. Truman.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... Presidential Leadership: From Woodrow Wilson to Harry S. Truman. By Robert H. Ferrell. (Columbia, Mo.: University of Missouri Press, 2006. Pp. vii, 168. $29.95.) This book is a collection of essays, originally published elsewhere, that takes an insider's approach to ...
America in White, Black and Gray: A History of the Stormy 1960s.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... America in White, Black and Gray: A History of the Stormy 1960s. By Klaus Fischer. (New York, N.Y.: The Continuum International Publishing Group, 2006. Pp. 446. $29.95.) This is a rare work that weaves scholarly, historical analysis with personal perspective and storytelling of ...
The Greatest Generation Comes Home: The Veteran in American Society.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... The Greatest Generation Comes Home: The Veteran in American Society. By Michael D. Gambone. (College Station, Tex,: Texas A&M Press, 2005. Pp. x, 271. $26.95.) In this work, the author sets out to answer two basic questions: what were the postwar experiences of the sixteen ...
Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln. By Doris Kearns Goodwin. (New York, N.Y.: Simon and Schuster, 2005. Pp. xix, 916. $35.00.) Given the vast scholarly and popular literature that treats Abraham Lincoln and his times, one would think that there would be ...
The Time of Liberty: Popular Political Culture in Oaxaca, 1750-1850.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... The Time of Liberty: Popular Political Culture in Oaxaca, 1750-1850. By Peter Guardino. (Durham: Duke University Press, 2005. Pp. ix, 405. $23.95.) Two of the most challenging issues in late colonial and early independence history in Mexico are how the dramatic transition from ...
Jonathan Edwards: America's Evangelical.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... Jonathan Edwards: America's Evangelical. By Philip F. Gura. (New York, N.Y.: Hill and Wang, 2005. Pp. xv, 304. $15.00.) The study of Jonathan Edwards's thought has become a small industry. Yale's ongoing publication of his works has now reached twenty-three volumes, including ...
The Great Confusion in Indian Affairs: Native Americans and Whites in the Progressive Era.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... The Great Confusion in Indian Affairs: Native Americans and Whites in the Progressive Era. By Tom Holm. (Austin, Tex.: University of Texas Press, 2005. Pp. 244. $21.95.) As the title suggests, this book is about the inconsistencies that have characterized government relations ...
Science for Segregation: Race, Law, and the Case against Brown v. Board of Education.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... Science for Segregation: Race, Law, and the Case against Brown v. Board of Education. By John P. Jackson Jr. (New York, N.Y.: New York University Press, 2005. Pp. xii, 291. $45.00.) This new book examines the relationship between "science," conservative racial thought, and ...
Raising Consumers: Children and the American Mass Market in the Early Twentieth Century.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... Raising Consumers. Children and the American Mass Market in the Early Twentieth Century. By Lisa Jacobson. (New York, N.Y.: Columbia University Press, 2004. Pp. xiii, 299. $24.00.) A declension model dominates popular thinking about children. Numerous recent books argue that ...
Captain Jack and the Dalton Gang: The Life and Times of a Railroad Detective.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... Captain Jack and the Dalton Gang: The Life and Times of a Railroad Detective. By John J. Kinney. (Lawrence, Kans.: University Press of Kansas, 2005. Pp. ix, 270. $17.95.) John J. Kinney's interest in the career of his great-grandfather, railroad detective John Joseph Kinney ...
Widows and Orphans First: The Family Economy and Social Welfare Policy, 1880-1939.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... Widows and Orphans First" The Family Economy and Social Welfare Policy, 1880-1939. By S. J. Kleinberg. (Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 2006. Pp. xiv, 248. $35.00.) The United States poses particular challenges to historians of social welfare. The division of ...
The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... The Silent Majority: Suburban Politics in the Sunbelt South. By Matthew D. Lassiter. (Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 2006. Pp. xiii, 390. $35.00.) The author of this study examines grassroots movements in rapidly growing suburban communities of the postwar South ....
Young America: Land, Labor, and the Republican Community.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... Young America: Land, Labor, and the Republican Community. By Mark A. Lause. (Urbana, Ill.: University of Illinois Press, 2005. Pp. x, 240. $42.00.) In 1844 a handful of New York City radicals headed by veteran labor editor George Henry Evans founded the National Reform ...
Freedom is Not Enough: The Opening of the American Workplace.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... Freedom is Not Enough: The Opening of the American Workplace. By Nancy MacLean. (New York, N.Y.: Russell Sage Foundation, 2006. Pp. xi, 454. $35.00.) The author of this book provides a well-researched examination of the economics of inclusion and exclusion in the United States ...
Learning to Read and Write in Colonial America.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... Learning to Read and Write in Colonial America. By E. Jennifer Monaghan. (Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press, 2005. Pp. 504. $49.95.) This is a deceptively complex book about a deceptively simple subject. One of the modernization theorists' central claims about ...
The Peninsula Campaign of 1862: A Military Analysis.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... The Peninsula Campaign of 1862: A Military Analysis. By Kevin Dougherty and J. Michael Moore. (Jackson, Miss.: University Press of Mississippi, 2005. Pp. ix, 183. $45.00.) There is a lot to be said for truth in advertising. Because the reviewer believes in this principle, she ...
Women and Patriotism in Jim Crow America.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... Women and Patriotism in Jim Crow America. By Francesca Morgan. (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 2005. Pp. xii, 293. $21.95.) Who and what constitute the nation? Can one be patriotic and still disagree with the policies of the present state? From the 1880s ...
Food in Colonial and Federal America.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... Food in Colonial and Federal America. By Sandra L. Oliver. (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2005. Pp. xv, 230. $19.95.) This book is second in a series dealing with "Food in American History" by Greenwood Press. The "Series Forward" promises that all its volumes will conform ...
Crimes against Children: Sexual Violence and Legal Culture in New York City, 1880-1960.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... Crimes Against Children: Sexual Violence and Legal Culture in New York City, 1880-1960. By Stephen Robertson. (Chapel Hill, N.C.: University of North Carolina Press, 2005. Pp. xiv, 337. $22.50.) Like rights, wrongs have a history. Even wrongs as universally reviled as sexual ...
Lighting the Way: Nine Women Who Changed Modern America.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... Lighting the Way: Nine Women Who Changed Modern America. By Karenna Gore Schiff. (New York, N.Y.: Miramax Books, 2005. Pp. ix, 528. $25.95.) The author of this book makes a significant contribution to the literature concerning gender and the complexity of the social-change ...
Recasting the Machine Age: Henry Ford's Village Industries.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... Recasting the Machine Age: Henry Ford's Village Industries. By Howard P. Segal. (Amherst and Boston, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press, 2005. Pp. xv, 244. $34.95.) From the early 1920s to the early 1940s, Henry Ford founded nineteen village industries in southeastern ...
The Life and Times of Mexico.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... The Life and Times of Mexico. By Earl Shorris. (New York: W. W. Norton and Company, 2004. Pp. 780. $16.95.) This is a big book full of material on every epoch of Mexican history. The author argues that both Mexico's past and its present have been shaped by a "debilitating ...
Montezuma: Warlord of the Aztecs.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... Montezuma: Warlord of the Aztecs. By Peter Trouras. (Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, 2005. Pp. xviii, 114. $12.95.) This brief biography of the final Aztec emperor, Motecuhzoma Xocoyotzin, is part of a series called "Military Profiles." The reviewer began to read the book with ...
A Strong-Minded Woman: The Life of Mary A. Livermore.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... A Strong-Minded Woman: The Life of Mary A. Livermore. By Wendy Hamand Venet. (Amherst, Mass., and London: University of Massachusetts Press, 200. Pp. xi, 319. $24.95.) Mary A. Livermore is one of those prominent nineteenth-century women who faded into obscurity. Wendy Hamand ...
Young Men and the Sea: Yankee Seafarers in the Age of Sail.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... Young Men and the Sea: Yankee Seafarers in the Age of Sail. By Daniel Vickers with Vince Walsh. (New Haven, Con. and London: Yale University Press, 2005. Pp. xiii, 336. $35.00.) The authors of this book take maritime history in a new direction with this study. Salem, ...
Benjamin Franklin Unmasked: On the Unity of His Moral, Religious, and Political Thought.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... Benjamin Franklin Unmasked: On the Unity of His Moral, Religious, and Political Thought. By Jerry Weinberger. (Lawrence, Kans.: University Press of Kansas, 2005. Pp. xvi, 336. $34.95.) This is an absurd and egregiously ahistorical book, oozing with ersatz profundity. The earnest ...
The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln. By Sean Wilentz. (New York, N.Y. and London: W. W. Norton & Company, 2005. Pp. xxiii, 1044. $19.95.) The question of when and how the United States came to embrace a market economy and interest-group politics has dominated ...
Mirroring the Past: The Writing and Use of History in Imperial China.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... Mirroring the Past: The Writing and Use of History in Imperial China. By On-cho Ng and Q. Edward Wang. (Honolulu, Hawaii: University of Hawaii Press, 2005. Pp. xxiii, 306. $50.00.) Historians of China have long lacked a comprehensive historiography covering the two thousand ...
Shanghai Love: Courtesans, Intellectuals, and Entertainment Culture, 1850-1910.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... Shanghai Love: Courtesans, Intellectuals, and Entertainment Culture, 1850-1910. By Catherine Vance Yeh. (Seattle, Wash.: University of Washington Press, 2006. Pp. x, 430. $60.00.) The author of this study explores the culture of Shanghai as revealed in literary texts, ...
The Merchants of Zigong: Industrial Entrepreneurship in Early Modern China.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... The Merchants of Zigong: Industrial Entrepreneurship in Early Modern China. By Madeleine Zelin. (New York, N.Y.: Columbia University Press, 2005. Pp. xxiv, 404. $45.00.) Naysayers of China's indigenous economic development doubt the ability of merchants and entrepreneurs to ...
Churchill and War.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... Churchill and War. By Geoffrey Best. (London and New York, N.Y.: Palgrave/ Hambledon and London, 2005. Pp. xiii, 353. $24.95.) The relationship between war and Winston Churchill has popular interest and historical significance. Like King Arthur or Elizabeth I, he has become a ...
The Economics of World War I.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... The Economics of World War I. By Stephen Broadberry and Mark Harrison. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. xvi, 345. $80.00.) This book gathers together a group of well-informed country specialists to survey the role of economics in the prosecution, impact, and ...
World at Total War: Global Conflict and the Politics of Destruction, 1937-1945.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... World at Total War: Global Conflict and the Politics of Destruction, 1937-1945. Edited by Roger Chickering, Stig Forster, and BerndGreiner. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. xii, 392. $70.00.) This book results from a conference in Hamburg in August 2001, the ...
The Scandal of Empire: India and the Creation of Imperial Britain.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... The Scandal of Empire: India and the Creation of Imperial Britain. By Nicholas B. Dirks. (Cambridge, Mass., and London: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2006. Pp. xx, 389. $27.95.) Because, the author insightfully argues, the British Empire in Asia, and therefore ...
The Third Reich in Power, 1933-1939.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... The Third Reich in Power, 1933-1939. By Richard J. Evans. (New York, N.Y.: The Penguin Press, 2005. Pp. xvii, 941. $34.95.) The reviewer had the pleasure of reviewing the highly praised first volume of the author's planned three-volume history of the Third Reich for The ...
The Night the Old Regime Ended, August 4, 1789, and the French Revolution.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... The Night the Old Regime Ended, August 4, 1789, and the French Revolution. By Michael P. Fitzsimmons. (Philadelphia, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2003. Pp. x, 245. $49.95.) There is no single pivotal event in the French Revolution, but among several contenders, the ...
Citizen Bacchae: Women's Ritual Practice in Ancient Greece.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... Citizen Bacchae: Women's Ritual Practice in Ancient Greece. By Barbara Goff. (Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press, 2004. Pp. xiii, 400. $60.00.) The first word in this book's title alludes to what most scholars see as a great lack in the lives of the women of ...
The Pontificate of Clement VII: History, Politics, Culture.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... The Pontificate of Clement VII: History, Politics, Culture. Edited by Kenneth Gouwens and Sheryl E. Reiss. (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2005. Pp. xxvi, 437. $99.95.) The sack of Rome in 1527 marked a watershed. For Italians of the sixteenth century, it signaled the loss of ...
Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614. By L. P. Harvey. (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 2005. Pp. xiv, 448. $40.00.) After the reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula came to a close in 1492 with the capture of Granada, Christian Spain began to experience both the religious ...
Together We Stand: America, Britain, and the Forging of an Alliance.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... Together We Stand: America, Britain, and the Forging of an Alliance. By James Holland. (New York, N.Y.: Hyperion. Pp. lxiv, 650. $32.95.) This is an excellent "story" in the sense of a series of connected events--a chronological account of the, ultimately, successful North ...
Franco: Soldier, Commander, Dictator.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... Franco: Soldier, Commander, Dictator. By Geoffrey Jensen. (Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, 2005. Pp. ix, 135. $19.95.) General Francisco Franco joined the July 1936 rebellion of army officers who, early in the Spanish Civil War, installed him as Spain's chief of state. In the ...
Mills in the Medieval Economy: England 1300-1540.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... Mills in the Medieval Economy: England 1300-1540. By John Langdon. (New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 2004. Pp. xx, 369. $115.00.) Although there is no shortage of studies on mills during the Middle Ages, this volume should be required reading for advanced students in ...
Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe. By Benjamin Lieberman. (Chicago, Ill.: Ivan R. Dee, 2006. Pp. 396. $27.50.) Despite its title, the book is about Central and Eastern Europe's ethnic cleansing. It covers ethnic cleansing, genocide, and the Holocaust ...
Sacred Boundaries: Religious Coexistence and Conflict in Early Modern France.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... Sacred Boundaries: Religious Coexistence and Conflict in Early Modern France. By Keith P. Luria. (Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press, 2005. Pp. xxxviii, 387. $69.95.) In terms of both theory and practice, the author of this book has made an extremely valuable ...
Police Stories: Building the French State, 1815-1851.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... Police Stories: Building the French State, 1815-1851. By John Merriman. (New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 2006. Pp. ix, 254. $55.00.) The first half of the nineteenth century saw the development of professional urban police forces in Western Europe, a process ...
What Stalin Knew: The Enigma of Barbarossa.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... What Stalin Knew: The Enigma of Barbarossa. By David E. Murphy. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2005. Pp. 352. $30.00.) The circumstances surrounding the Nazi invasion of the USSR on 22 June 1941 remain some of the most debated in Soviet history. What can explain ...
The Business of Art: Contracts and the Commissioning Process in Renaissance Italy.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2007; ... The Business of Art: Contracts and the Commissioning Process in Renaissance Italy. By Michelle O'Malley. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2005. Pp. x, 358. $50.00.) This book is a thorough-going survey of workshop practice and aspects of altarpiece painting and frescoes ...