The Historian back issues from June 2009:
Religion, culture, and the Cold War: Bishop Fulton J. Sheen and America's anti-communist crusade of the 1950s.(Essay)
Jun 22, 2009; ... COLD WAR CRUSADER Bishop Fulton J. Sheen used television to attract millions of viewers to his battle against communism. His prime-time show enjoyed unprecedented popularity for all shows on the new medium, resulting in his making the cover of such major publications as TV Guide, Colliers, ...
"Memorandum for Mr. Bundy": Henry Kissinger as consultant to the Kennedy National Security Council.(McGeorge Bundy, United States National Security Advisor to President John F. Kennedy)(Essay)
Jun 22, 2009; ... IN THE FOREWORD to his book White House Years, Henry A. Kissinger (b. 1923) acknowledges that "for better or worse, I was called upon to play a prominent role in the making and execution of United States foreign policy." (1) Indeed, for the last fifty years, Kissinger's name has been ...
Spanish pilgrimages to Hitler's Germany: emissaries of the new order.(Adolf Hitler)(Essay)
Jun 22, 2009; ... THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR, fought from 1936 to 1939, involved foreign intervention on a massive scale, primarily from the Soviet Union, Nazi Germany, and Fascist Italy. With the victory of Francisco Franco (1892-1975)'s Nationalist movement, which had relied on German and Italian military aid, ...
Cultural nationalism in exile: the case of Polish and Latvian displaced persons.(people displaced after World War II)(Essay)
Jun 22, 2009; ... INTRODUCTION ONE OF THE KEY issues of the immediate postwar period in Europe was the fate of millions of displaced persons (DPs) left in Germany, Austria, and Italy. In May 1945, Allied military officials estimated there were 10-12 million DPs in Germany, 4.25 million of whom ...
Preaching politics: anti-Muslim and pro-Muscovite rhetoric in the sermons of the Ukrainian Orthodox clergy (1660s-1670s).(Essay)
Jun 22, 2009; ... IN THE SEVENTEENTH century, Ukrainian-Cossack communities struggled to maintain a fragile autonomy in the face of Polish, Muscovite, and Ottoman attempts to encroach upon their Eastern European homelands. The 1654 Treaty of Periaslavl' between Hetman Bohdan Khmel'nyts'kyi (1595-1657) and ...
Martyrdom in Islam.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Martyrdom in Islam. By David Cook. (New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Pp. xiv, 206. $75.00.) The role of martyrdom in Islam has taken center stage in recent years due to the burgeoning terrorist tactic of "self-designated martyrdoms," often referred to as ...
Darfur's Sorrow: A History of Destruction and Genocide.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Darfur's Sorrow: A History of Destruction and Genocide. By M. W. Daly. (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Pp. xix, 368. $22.99.) The appearance of the Darfur crisis in news reports around the world has acted as a catalyst for a number of studies trying to ...
Power, Faith, and Fantasy: America in the Middle East, 1776 to the Present.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Power, Faith, and Fantasy: America in the Middle East, 1776 to the Present. By Michael B. Oren. (New York, N.Y.: W. W. Norton & Co., 2007. Pp. xxi, 737. $29.95.) Israeli scholar Michael B. Oren has a Ph.D. in history and is a fellow at the Shalem Institute in Jerusalem, a ...
Postal Systems in the Pre-Modern Islamic World.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Postal Systems in the Pre-Modern Islamic World. By Adam J. Silverstein. (New York, N.Y.: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Pp. xii, 214. $95.00.) Who would want to read a book on postal systems in the premodern Islamic world? Anyone who has heretofore taken postal systems for ...
A Tribal Order: Politics and Law in the Mountains of Yemen.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... A Tribal Order: Politics and Law in the Mountains of Yemen. By Shelagh Weir. (Austin, Tex.: University of Texas Press, 2007. Pp. xi, xv, 390. $50.00.) This author's detailed ethnography describes the political and legal life of the small tribes of the Rezih region in northwest ...
The Devil of Great Island: Witchcraft and Conflict in Early New England.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... The Devil of Great Island: Witchcraft and Conflict in Early New England. By Emerson W. Baker. (New York, N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Pp. xiv, 233. $24.95.) Witchcraft studies often fall prey to two temptations: one is to construct an overarching theory that will account for ...
The Work of the Heart: Young Women and Emotion, 1780-1830.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... The Work of the Heart: Young Women and Emotion, 1780-1830. By Martha Tomhave Blauvelt. (Charlottesville, Va.: University of Virginia Press, 2007. Pp. 275. $39.50.) If diarists are chroniclers of history, then The Work of the Heart is an invaluable study of what the author ...
Sexual Reckonings: Southern Girls in a Troubling Age.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Sexual Reckonings: Southern Girls in a Troubling Age. By Susan K. Cahn. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2007. Pp. 375. $29.95.) In this study, the author traces the history of Southern adolescent girls' sexuality from the 1920s through the beginnings of the modern ...
Margaret Fuller: An American Romantic Life. Vol. 1. The Public Years.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Margaret Fuller: An American Romantic Life. Vol. 1. The Public Years. By Charles Capper. (New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 2007. Pp. xxi, 649. $40.00.) Although Margaret Fuller's life was very short, it overflowed with learning, thinking, writing, teaching, travel, and ...
Voices from an American Convent: Marie Madeleine Hachard and the New Orleans Ursulines, 1727-1760.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Voices from an American Convent: Marie Madeleine Hachard and the New Orleans Ursulines, 1727-1760. Edited by Emily Clark. (Baton Rouge, La.: Louisiana State University Press, 2007. Pp. x, 138. $25.00.) The editor of this book is one among only a handful of recent historians ...
Family Life in 20th-Century America.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Family Life in 20th-Century America. By Marilyn Coleman, Lawrence H. Ganong, and Kelly Warznik. (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 2007. Pp. xvii, 326. $65.00.) This study uses a topical approach to cover the most salient of the broad changes affecting family life in ...
Nixon and Kissinger: Partners in Power.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Nixon and Kissinger: Partners in Power. By Robert Dallek. (New York, N.Y.: HarperCollins, 2007. Pp. xii, 740. $32.50.) The author of this book, a renowned biographer of John F. Kennedy and Lyndon B. Johnson, has turned his attention to the next president, Richard M. Nixon ....
Slavery, Emancipation, and Freedom: Comparative Perspectives.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Slavery, Emancipation, and Freedom: Comparative Perspectives. By Stanley L. Engerman. (Baton Rouge, La.: Louisiana State University Press, 2007. Pp. x, 114. $25.00.) Historians, especially those trained in the 1970s, identify Stanley L. Engerman as the coauthor with Robert W ....
Havana: Autobiography of a City.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Havana. Autobiography of a City. By Alfredo Jose Estrada. (New York, N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. Pp. x, 277. $24.95.) This author joins hundreds of travelers who over the years have penned their impressions of Cuba and its capital city of Havana. A cursory "subject heading" ...
James Fenimore Cooper: The Early Years.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... James Fenimore Cooper: The Early Years. By Wayne Franklin. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2007. Pp. xxxiv, 708. $40.00.) This year's much anticipated publication of the first volume of Wayne Franklin's biography of James Fenimore Cooper, covering the author's life to ...
No Caption Needed: Iconic Photographs, Public Culture, and Liberal Democracy.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... No Caption Needed: Iconic Photographs, Public Culture, and Liberal Democracy. By Robert Hariman and John Louis Lucaites. (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Pp. xi, 419. $30.00.) No Caption Needed is a snappy title. However, the subtitle, Iconic Photographs, ...
The Secret Leprosy of Modern Days: Narcotic Addiction and Cultural Crisis in the United States, 1870-1920.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... The Secret Leprosy of Modern Days: Narcotic Addiction and Cultural Crisis in the United States, 1870-1920. By Timothy A. Hickman. (Amherst, Mass.: University of Massachusetts Press, 2007. Pp. xiv, 190. $22.95.) The author has written an important, yet ultimately unsatisfying, ...
Frontiers: A Short History of the American West.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Frontiers: A Short History of the American West. By Robert V. Hine and John Mack Faragher. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2007. Pp. vii, 248. $28.00.) This volume is the abridged, updated edition of the authors' now classic study The American West: A New Interpretive ...
Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Unruly Americans and the Origins of the Constitution. By Woody Holton. (New York, N.Y.: Hill and Wang, 2007. Pp. 370. $27.00.) This book follows a neo-Beardian interpretation of the Constitution. The author presents a more subtle and nuanced perspective than Charles Beard by ...
Lincoln and the American Manifesto.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Lincoln and the American Manifesto. By Allen Jayne. (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2007. Pp. 392. $28.00.) Although the author wants to give the impression that this book is about Abraham Lincoln's understanding of the Declaration of Independence (hence the title), it starts ...
The Black Hawk War of 1832.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... The Black Hawk War of 1832. By Patrick J. Jung. (Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. Pp. xii, 275. $29.95.) In this book, the author provides a comprehensive analysis of the causes, the confrontations, and the aftermath of one of the last Native American wars ...
The Jamestown Project.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... The Jamestown Project. By Karen Ordahl Kupperman. (Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007. Pp. xii, 380. $29.95.) Every society has a creation myth, but the United States of America has two: the comfortable story of the founding of Plymouth by ...
1812: War with America.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... 1812: War with America. By Jon Latimer. (Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007. Pp. xiv, 637. $35.00.) In many respects, the author provides an engaging and thorough version of the War of 1812 from the often-neglected British perspective. He draws ...
Radio's America: The Great Depression and the Rise of Modern Mass Culture.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Radio's America: The Great Depression and the Rise of Modern Mass Culture. By Bruce Lenthall. (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Pp. x, 288. $20.00.) In the 1930s, Americans listened to radio four to five hours a day. What did radio mean to them? A lot, ...
George Kennan: A Study in Character.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... George Kennan: A Study in Character. By John Lukacs. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2007. Pp. viii, 207. $26.00.) This slim book sketches the highlights of diplomat-scholar George Kennan's remarkable life and character. The author tells readers upfront that his is not ...
Maryland Voices of the Civil War.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Maryland Voices of the Civil War. Edited by Charles W. Mitchell. (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. Pp. xiv, 548. $35.00.) In this handsomely designed book, the author tells the story of the divisions that kept Marylanders in contention with one another ...
Pilgrims: New World Settlers and the Call of Home.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Pilgrims: New World Settlers and the Call of Home. By Susan Hardman Moore. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2007. Pp. xv, 336. $35.00.) As an undergraduate nearly twenty years ago, the reviewer participated in an Introduction to English Literature class. Arriving at ...
Origins of American Health Insurance: A History of Industrial Sickness Funds.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Origins of American Health Insurance: A History of Industrial Sickness Funds. By John E. Murray. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2007. Pp. xiv, 313. $40.00.) In this book, economist John E. Murray challenges historians who contend that Progressive activists' attempts ...
The Mind of Thomas Jefferson.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... The Mind of Thomas Jefferson. By Peter S. Onuf. (Charlottesville, Va.: University of Virginia Press, 2007. Pp. 281. $19.50.) In these eleven previously published essays, the author, the Dean of American Jefferson scholars, addresses many of the contested aspects of Jefferson's ...
Caribbean Pleasure Industry: Tourism, Sexuality, and AIDS in the Dominican Republic.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Caribbean Pleasure Industry: Tourism, Sexuality, and AIDS in the Dominican Republic. By Mark Padilla. (Chicago, Ill: The University of Chicago Press, 2007. Pp. vii, 294. $21.00.) Tourism is nowadays the principal industry in most of the Caribbean, including the Dominican ...
The Populist Vision.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... The Populist Vision. By Charles Postel. (New York, N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 2007. Pp. xiv, 397. $35.00.) Over the past ten years, a new generation of historians have reassessed the Populist movement in the United States. This author's excellent intellectual history of ...
When the World Was Young.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... When the World Was Young. By Tony Romano. (New York, N.Y.: HarperCollins Publishers, 2007. Pp. 320. $24.95.) In a novel about an Italian-American family during a period popularly thought of as an age of innocence, the author weaves a fascinating story of intergenerational ...
The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression. By Amity Shlaes. (New York, N.Y.: Harper Collins Publishers, 2007. Pp. 461. $26.95.) The author, a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations and a journalist specializing in issues of political economy and ...
U.S. Environmentalism since 1945: A Brief History with Documents.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... U.S. Environmentalism since 1945: A Brief History with Documents. Edited by Steven Stoll. (Boston, Mass., and New York, N.Y.- Bedford/St. Martin's, 2007. Pp. xiv, 175. $14.95.) Environmental history became an important field for research and teaching during the past thirty ...
Henry Kissinger and the American Century.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Henry Kissinger and the American Century. By Jeremi Suri. (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2007. Pp. x, 358. $27.95.) The author of this study provides readers with both a brief overview of Henry Kissinger's career and an interesting ...
Against the President: Dissent and Decision-Making in the White House: A Historical Perspective.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Against the President: Dissent and Decision-Making in the White House: A Historical Perspective. By Mark J. White. (Chicago, Ill.: Ivan R. Dee, 2007. Pp. 384. $28.95.) For those intrigued by how U.S. presidents make important decisions, this author has provided a well-written ...
From The May Fourth Movement to Communist Revolution: Guo Moruo and the Chinese Path to Communism.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... From The May Fourth Movement to Communist Revolution: Guo Moruo and the Chinese Path to Communism. By Xiaoming Chen. (Albany, N.Y.: State University of New York Press, 2007. Pp. xi, 156. $60.00.) In 1925 Guo Moruo [1892-1978], who was giving up medicine to pursue a literary ...
The Taoists of Peking, 1800-1949: A Social History of Urban Clerics.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... The Taoists of Peking, 1800-1949: A Social History of Urban Clerics. By Vincent Goossaert. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Asia Center, 2007. Pp. xviii, 395. $49.95.) The Baiyun Guan (White Cloud Abbey) in Peking (modern Beijing) emerged in the thirteenth century to become ...
A History of the Modern Chinese Army.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... A History of the Modern Chinese Army. By Xiaobing Li. (Lexington, Ky.: University of Kentucky Press, 2007. Pp. xiii, 413. $39.95.) The author of this book has written an excellent and highly readable broad-brush political and military history of the Chinese People's Liberation ...
150 Years in the Life of a Medieval Arabian Port: Aden and the Indian Ocean Trade.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... 150 Years in the Life of a Medieval Arabian Port: Aden and the Indian Ocean Trade. By Roxani Eleni Margariti. (Chapel Hill, N.C.: The University of North Carolina Press, 2007. Pp. xiii, 344. $55.00.) In this book, the author gives a portrait of medieval Aden and traces its ...
Between Dreams and Reality: The Military Examination System in Late Chosen Korea, 1600-1894.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Between Dreams and Reality: The Military Examination System in Late Chosen Korea, 1600-1894. By Eugene Y. Park. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2007. Pp. ix, 273. $39.95.) The Choson dynasty founder, Yi Song-gye (King T'aejo), was a military man. Part of his ...
"A Constituency Suitable for Ladies" and Other Social Histories of Indian Elections.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... "A Constituency Suitable for Ladies" and Other Social Histories of Indian Elections. By Wendy Singer. (New Delhi, India: Oxford University Press, 2007. Pp. xiv, 246. $24.00.) Separate electorates for India's Muslim minority were first introduced early in the last century by the ...
Shadow of the Silk Road.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Shadow of the Silk Road. By Colin Thubron. (New York, N.Y.: HarperCollins, 2007. Pp. 363. $25.95.) One of the most distinguished English travel writers, Colin Thubron, prepares himself very seriously for his journeys. Apart from wide reading in preparation for each trip, he ...
Floods of the Tiber in Ancient Rome.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Floods of the Tiber in Ancient Rome. By Gregory S. Aldrette. (Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2007. Pp. xviii, 338. $60.00.) Floods are a neglected topic among historians. Many early cities lay in vulnerable flood plains where fertile soils and irrigation ...
Medievalism: The Middle Ages in Modern England.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Medievalism: The Middle Ages in Modern England. By Michael Alexander. (New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 2007. Pp. xxvii, 306. $45.00.) In this book, the author offers up a history of the Medieval Revival, focusing on the period from 1760 to 1971, and engaging the ...
Signs of Devotion: The Cult of St. Aethelthryth in Medieval England, 695-1615.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Signs of Devotion: The Cult of St. Aethelthryth in Medieval England, 695-1615. By Virginia Blanton. (University Park, Pa.: Pennsylvania State University Press, 2007. Pp. xiv, 349. $65.00.) This book joins a diverse body of criticism that examines saints as cultural symbols whose ...
Monarchisms in the Age of Enlightenment: Liberty, Patriotism and the Common Good.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Monarchisms in the Age of Enlightenment: Liberty, Patriotism and the Common Good. Edited by Hans Blom, John Christian Laursen, and Luisa Simonutti. (Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press, 2007. Pp. x, 306. $60.00.) This collection of fourteen essays, originally papers ...
The Guest Worker Question in Postwar Germany.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... The Guest Worker Question in Postwar Germany. By Rita Chin. (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2007. Pp. xi, 281. $75.00.) This is a timely and eloquent exploration of what is surely the most debated issue about German society, culture, and identity today: the ...
The Making of the Middle Ages: Liverpool Essays.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... The Making of the Middle Ages: Liverpool Essays. Edited by Marios Costambeys, Andrew Hamer, and Martin Heale. (Liverpool, England: Liverpool University Press, 2007. Pp. x, 252. $80.00.) The 2007 octocentenary of the founding of Liverpool was inspiration for a series of lectures ...
The Yorkists: The History of a Dynasty.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... The Yorkists: The History of a Dynasty. By Anne Crawford. (New York, N.Y.: Hambledon Continuum, 2007. Pp. xxiv, 200. $29.95.) It is difficult to know of whom the publishers were thinking as readers of this book; not scholars, certainly, as eight out of the eleven chapters are a ...
Sport in Ancient Times.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Sport in Ancient Times. By Nigel B. Crowther. (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2007. Pp. vii, 183. $49.95.) The history of Greek athletics has become such a specialized field that the discovery of a hitherto unknown terra-cotta statuette, black-figured vase, or ten-word inscription ...
Budapest: A Cultural History.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Budapest: A Cultural History. By Bob Dent. (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2007. Pp. xv, 237. $15.00.) In this work, the author of travel guides and a cultural history, Budapest 1956: Locations of Drama, amalgamates two strains of his earlier study of Budapest, ...
Tropic of Venice.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Tropic of Venice. By Margaret Doody. (Philadelphia, Pa.: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007. Pp. 345. $32.50.) Margaret Doody loves Venice. Her opening chapter reads like the narrative of a conversion experience. She evokes the mythical foundation of the city itself when she ...
Tulipmania: Money, Honor, and Knowledge in the Dutch Golden Age.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Tulipmania: Money, Honor, and Knowledge in the Dutch Golden Age. By Anne Goldgar. (Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, 2007. Pp. xx, 426. $30.00.) One of the most notorious events in Dutch history is the "tulipmania" in the 1630s. The frenzied trading in tulip bulbs, ...
Four Queens: The Provencal Sisters Who Ruled Europe.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Four Queens: The Provencal Sisters Who Ruled Europe. By Nancy Goldstone. (New York, N.Y.: Viking, 2007. Pp. xv, 336. $24.95.) With all the passion and pace of a novel, this is a beautiful introduction to the politics of thirteenth-century Europe for the general reader. The four ...
Imagining the Sacred Past: Hagiography and Power in Early Normandy.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Imagining the Sacred Past: Hagiography and Power in Early Normandy. By Samantha Kahn Herrick. (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 2007. Pp. xiv, 256. $49.95.) Assessing the historical value of medieval hagiography has engaged researchers for more than three centuries ....
The Druids.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... The Druids. By Ronald Hutton. (London, England: Continuum Books, 2007. Pp. xvi, 240. $29.95.) Recent books about the Druids are generally either surveys of the ancient priestly class of the Celts by notable archaeologists or discourses by New Age authors on various aspects of ...
Ireland: Contested Ideas of Nationalism and History.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Ireland: Contested Ideas of Nationalism and History. By Hugh F. Kearney. (New York, N.Y.: New York University Press, 2007. Pp. x, 309. $39.00.) This collection of reflections on nationalism in Ireland, Britain, and further afield represents a record and summation of the evolving ...
National Thought in Europe: A Cultural History.(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... National Thought in Europe: A Cultural History. By Joep Leerssen. (Amsterdam, The Netherlands: Amsterdam University Press, 2007. Pp. 304. $32.50.) This is a fascinating and erudite account of national images. The author does not engage in debates about the modernity of nations ...
Adela of Blois: Countess and Lord (c. 1067-1137).(Book review)
Jun 22, 2009; ... Adela of Blois: Countess and Lord (c. 1067-1137). By Kimberly A. LoPrete. (Dublin, Ireland: Four Courts Press, 2007. Pp. 663. $95.00.) In this impressive tome, the author utilizes a vast array of sources, many of them previously unknown to scholars, to provide a detailed ...