The Journal of Nutrition back issues from March 2006:
Preface: Significance of Garlic and Its Constituents in Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease
Mar 01, 2006; ... This supplement issue of The Journal of Nutrition is devoted to the results of an International Research Symposium held at Georgetown University, April 9-11, 2005, entitled, "Significance of Garlic and Its Constituents in Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease". It brought together scientists active ...
Is Garlic Alternative Medicine?1-3
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Garlic has been used medicinally since antiquity. In virtually every early civilization known, such as ancient India, Egypt, Rome, China, and Japan, garlic was part of the therapeutic regimen for a variety of maladies. Therefore, the ancient medicinal tradition of garlic use ...
European Perspective on Garlic and its Regulation1,2
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Garlic products are marketed in the European Union (EU) as foodstuffs and as herbal medicinal products. All EU countries have garlic foodstuffs on their markets. In contrast, garlic medicinal products are available only in a limited number of EU member states. This difference is ...
Clarifying the Real Bioactive Constituents of Garlic1
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Compounds in garlic work synergistically to produce various effects, but, because of garlic's chemical complexity, processing methods yield preparations with differing efficacy and safety. Although thiosulfinates such as allicin have been long misunderstood to be active ...
Garlic and Cardiovascular Disease: A Critical Review1,2
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Epidemiologic studies show an inverse correlation between garlic consumption and progression of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease is associated with multiple factors such as raised serum total cholesterol, raised LDL and an increase in LDL oxidation, increased ...
Homocysteine-Lowering Action Is Another Potential Cardiovascular Protective Factor of Aged Garlic Extract1-3
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT We investigated hypohomocysteinemic action as a cardiovascular protective property of aged garlic extract (AGE). Hyperhomocysteinemia was induced in rats by feeding folate-depleted diets. Plasma folate concentrations of 5, 24, and 202 nmol/L were detected in rats fed a ...
Aged Garlic Extract Improves Homocysteine-Induced Endothelial Dysfunction in Macro- and Microcirculation1,2
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Endothelial dysfunction caused by increases in vascular oxidant stress that decrease bioavailable nitric oxide (NO) plays a critical role in the vascular pathobiology of hyperhomocysteinemia. Boosting cellular glutathione levels or increasing the activity of cellular glutathione ...
Aged Garlic Extract Retards Progression of Coronary Artery Calcification1,2
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Prospective epidemiologic studies have identified several risk factors for heart disease, and most can be the target of risk reduction interventions. The most widely recognized risk factors for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) include age, gender, cigarette ...
Aged Garlic Extract Improves Blood Pressure in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats More Safely than Raw Garlic1,2
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT We studied the effects of two garlic sources on systolic blood pressure (SBP) using spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). Beginning at 12 wk of age, male SHRs were fed diets containing either aged garlic extract (AGE) or raw garlic (RG) powder for 10 wk. Both AGE and RG ...
Aged Garlic Extract Inhibits Homocysteine-Induced CD36 Expression and Foam Cell Formation in Human Macrophages1-3
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Elevated plasma homocysteine (Hcy) levels have been recognized as an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic vascular disease. During formation of early atherosclerotic lesions, expression of CD36, a class B scavenger receptor on macrophages, is crucially involved in the ...
Suppression of LDL Oxidation by Garlic Compounds Is a Possible Mechanism of Cardiovascular Health Benefit1-3
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Hypercholesterolemia is a major risk factor for atherosclerosis, and lowering cholesterol can significantly reduce the risk for cardiovascular diseases. Oxidation of LDL has recently been recognized as playing an important role in the initiation and progression of ...
Aged Garlic Extract Maintains Cardiovascular Homeostasis in Mice and Rats1,2
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in controlling the physiological functions of the cardiovascular system. However, toxic peroxynitrite is produced by the reaction of NO with superoxide. We investigated the effect of aged garlic extract (AGE) on NO production, and on ...
Aged Garlic Extract May Inhibit Aggregation in Human Platelets by Suppressing Calcium Mobilization1,2
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Cardiovascular disease is associated with multiple factors including the increased ability of platelets to aggregate. Aged garlic extract (AGE) was shown to inhibit platelet aggregation; however, the underlying mechanisms have yet to be established. Because calcium mobilization ...
Nitric Oxide Mediates the Blood-Pressure Lowering Effect of Garlic in the Rat Two-Kidney, One-Clip Model of Hypertension1,2
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Garlic reduces blood pressure (BP) in two-kidney, one-clip (2K-1C) rats, and enhances nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in in vivo and in vitro experiments. NO is an important modulator of BP in the 2K-1C model. This study investigated the role of NO in the BP-lowering effect of ...
Aged Garlic Extract Is a Potential Therapy for Sickle-Cell Anemia1,3
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Sickle-cell anemia is one of the most prevalent hereditary disorders with prominent morbidity and mortality. Oxidative phenomena play a significant role in the disorder's pathophysiology. A forumlation of garlic (Allium sativum), AGE, has been reported to exert an antioxidant ...
Aged Garlic Extract and Its Constituents Inhibit Platelet Aggregation through Multiple Mechanisms1-3
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Aged garlic extract (AGE) is a complex mixture. Its constituents include allin, cycloalliin, S-allyl-L-cysteine, S-methyl-L-cysteine, S-ethylcysteine, S-1-proponyl-L-cysteine, S-allylmercapto-L-cysteine, fructosyl-arginine, and β-chlorogenin. It also contains L-arginine, ...
Antiglycation Properties of Aged Garlic Extract: Possible Role in Prevention of Diabetic Complications1,2
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Diabetes mellitus is a common endocrine disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and long-term complications affecting the eyes, nerves, blood vessels, skin, and kidneys. Increased glycation of proteins and accumulation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEPs) have been ...
Garlic Reduces Dementia and Heart-Disease Risk1,2
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including high cholesterol, high homocysteine, hypertension and inflammation, increase the risk of dementia, including its most common form, Alzheimer's disease (AD). High cholesterol is also associated with elevated β-amyloid ...
Aged Garlic Extract May Be Safe for Patients on Warfarin Therapy1,3
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Garlic has been known to have antiplatelet properties. Because of the lack of major clinical data regarding the safety of concomitant use of garlic supplements and anticoagulants, we decided to evaluate the safety of using garlic extract along with oral anticoagulation therapy ....
Aged Garlic Extract Prevents a Decline of NK Cell Number and Activity in Patients with Advanced Cancer1,2
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Aged garlic extract (AGE) has manifold biological activities including immunomodulative and antioxidative effects. It is used as a major component of nonprescription tonics and cold-prevention medicines or dietary supplements. Advanced-cancer patients decline in immune functions ...
Including Garlic in the Diet May Help Lower Blood Glucose, Cholesterol, and Triglycerides1-3
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Raw and boiled aqueous extracts of garlic (Allium sativum) were administered daily to normal rats both orally and intraperitoneally for 4 wk. The serum levels of glucose, cholesterol, and triglycerides were measured. When the rats were treated with a low dose (50 mg/kg) of raw ...
Preclinical Perspectives on Garlic and Cancer1,2
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Evidence continues to point to the anticancer properties of fresh garlic extracts, aged garlic, garlic oil, and a number of specific organosulfur compounds generated by processing garlic. These anticarcinogenic and antitumorigenic characteristics appear to arise through both ...
Redox-Sensitive Proteins Are Potential Targets of Garlic-Derived Mercaptocysteine Derivatives1-3
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Molecular investigations support existing clinical and epidemiological data that garlic-derived allylsulfides reduce cancer risk. Various allylsulfides can diminish progression of cancer cells at either the G^sub 1^/S or G^sub 2^/M phase. Allylsulfide derivatives modify ...
A Factorial Trial Including Garlic Supplements Assesses Effect in Reducing Precancerous Gastric Lesions1,2
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT The Shandong Intervention Trial was a factorial, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to determine whether any of 3 interventions, alone or in combination, could reduce the prevalence of precancerous gastric lesions in Linqu County, Shandong Province, China, a region with high ...
In Vitro Interactions of Water-Soluble Garlic Components with Human Cytochromes P450(1-3)
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Eight water-soluble components of aged garlic extract were evaluated to assess their potential to inhibit the activity of human cytochrome-P450 (CYP) enzymes. The in vitro model consisted of human liver microsomes with index reactions chosen to profile the activity of the ...
Aged Garlic Extract Has Chemopreventative Effects On 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine-Induced Colon Tumors in Rats1,3
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Garlic has been reported to have chemopreventive effects against a variety of cancers. However, different garlic preparations contain different constituents. We investigated the chemopreventive effect of aged garlic extract (AGE), an odorless product from prolonged extraction of ...
Aged Garlic Extract Inhibits Development of Putative Preneoplastic Lesions in Rat Hepatocarcinogenesis1,2
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT A unique garlic preparation, aged garlic extract (AGE), was examined for its modifying effect on diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced neoplasia of the liver in male F344 rats, using the medium-term bioassay system based on the 2-step model of hepatocarcinogenesis. Carcinogenic ...
Cancer Chemoprevention by Garlic and Garlic-Containing Sulfur and Selenium Compounds1-3
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT As early as 1550 B.C., Egyptians realized the benefits of garlic as a remedy for a variety of diseases. Many epidemiological studies support the protective role of garlic and related allium foods against the development of certain human cancers. Natural garlic and garlic ...
Diallylsulfide and Allylmethylsulfide Are Uniquely Effective among Organosulfur Compounds in Inhibiting CYP2E1 Protein in Animal Models1-3
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Garlic is a popular culinary herb that is also used throughout the world as a traditional medicine for the prevention and treatment of disease. Epidemiologic studies have suggested that long-term consumption of garlic reduces risk for certain cancers, most notably stomach and ...
Aged Garlic Extract Has Potential Suppressive Effect on Colorectal Adenomas in Humans1
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Epidemiological and animal studies suggest AGE and its organosulfur constituents, such as S-allylcysteine and S-allylmercaptocysteine have anticarcinogenic effects. To confirm these effects in humans, a preliminary double-blind, randomized clinical trial using high-dose AGE (AGE ...
Allyl Sulfur Compounds from Garlic Modulate Aberrant Crypt Formation1,2
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT The health benefits of garlic, including inhibition of carcinogenesis, are supported by several epidemiologic and laboratory findings. Garlic's sulfur components have been reported to suppress experimentally induced tumor incidence in several organs, including the colon. Studies ...
Aged Garlic Extract Inhibits Angiogenesis and Proliferation of Colorectal Carcinoma Cells1-3
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Because colorectal cancer is likely to develop in many people at some point during their lives, prevention has become a high priority. Diet and nutrition play an important role during the multistep colon carcinogenic process. Garlic has been traditionally used as a spice and is ...
Aged Garlic Extract Protects against Methotrexate-Induced Apoptotic Cell Injury of IEC-6 Cells1,2
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Gastrointestinal toxicity is one of the most serious side effects of methotrexate (MTX) treatment. The side effects often disrupt the cancer chemotherapy. We previously reported that aged garlic extract (AGE) protects the small intestine of rats from MTX-induced damage. In this ...
Hydroponic Cultivation Offers A Practical Means of Producing Selenium-Enriched Garlic1-3
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Garlic enriched by selenium (Se) could be an excellent source of dietary Se for cancer chemoprevention. The production of high-Se garlic requires Se-fertilized soil, but such soil may pollute the environment. Hydroponics is a closed system that allows good control over Se ...
Tetrahydro-[beta]-Carboline Derivatives in Aged Garlic Extract Show Antioxidant Properties1,2
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT This study used the hydroden peroxide scavenging assay to investigate antioxidant chemical constituents derived and separated from aged garlic extract, a unique garlic extract produced by soaking sliced garlic in an aqueous ethanol solution for >10 mo. Four types of ...
Inhibition of Sterol 4[alpha]-Methyl Oxidase Is the Principal Mechanism by Which Garlic Decreases Cholesterol Synthesis1-3
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Clinical and experimental evidence indicates that garlic ingestion lowers blood cholesterol levels, and treatment of cells in culture with garlic and garlic-derived compounds inhibits cholesterol synthesis. To identify the principal site of inhibition in the cholesterolgenic ...
Nutrients Regulate the Colonic Vitamin D System in Mice: Relevance for Human Colon Malignancy1,2
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Dihydroxycholecalciferol bound to its receptor functions as a potent antimitotic, prodifferentiating, proapoptotic hormone in different cell types and tissues. Epidemiological studies have linked low human serum concentrations of the vitamin D precursor hydroxycholecalciferol to ...
Dietary-Induced Changes in Fatty Acid Composition of Human Plasma, Platelet, and Erythrocyte Lipids Follow a Similar Time Course
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT The dietary-induced changes in the fatty acid composition of plasma, platelet, and erythrocyte lipids were measured as a function of time. Healthy adults consumed a diet rich in saturated fat (18% total energy, TE) for 19 d and then crossed over, without washout, to a diet rich ...
Meat Consumption in a Varied Diet Marginally Influences Nonheme Iron Absorption in Normal Individuals
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT It is widely recognized that the intake of animal foods is the most important dietary determinant of the iron status of a population. The primary reason is the high bioavailability of heme iron, but it is also known from radiolabeled single-meal feeding studies in humans that ...
Hydrolysis of Zeaxanthin Esters by Carboxyl Ester Lipase during Digestion Facilitates Micellarization and Uptake of the Xanthophyll by Caco-2 Human Intestinal Cells1,2
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Zeaxanthin (Zea) and lutein are the only dietary carotenoids that accumulate in the macular region of the retina and lens. It was proposed that these carotenoids protect these tissues against photooxidative damage. Few plant foods are enriched in Zea, and information about the ...
Chronic Intake of High-Fat and High-Sucrose Diets Differentially Affects Glucose Intolerance in Mice
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Intakes of some macronutrients can comprise risk factors for life-style-related diseases such as obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. In this study, we examined the effects in C57BL/6J mice of consuming excess fat or sucrose for a long period of ...
cis-9, trans-11 Conjugated Linoleic Acid Is Synthesized Directly from Vaccenic Acid in Lactating Dairy Cattle1,2
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT The utilization of ^sup 13^C-labeled vaccenic acid (VA) by lactating dairy cows to synthesize cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) was investigated. Primiparous ruminally cannulated Holstein cows (n = 3) were abomasally infused with 1.5 g of VA-1-^sup 13^C. Blood and ...
Virgin Olive Oil Phenols Inhibit Proliferation of Human Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells (HL60) by Inducing Apoptosis and Differentiation
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Although epidemiologic evidence and animal studies suggest that olive oil may prevent the onset of cancer, the components responsible for such an effect and their mechanisms of action remain largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the effect of a virgin olive oil ...
Long-Term Stability of Food Patterns Identified by Use of Factor Analysis among Swedish Women1
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Limited data exist on the reproducibility of food patterns measured by factor analysis as well as on the use of stability of patterns over time. Our primary objective was to explore the long-term stability of food patterns derived by confirmatory factor analysis among 33,840 ...
The Production of Reactive Oxygen Species and the Mitochondrial Membrane Potential Are Modulated during Onion Oil-Induced Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis in A549 Cells
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Protective effects of Allium vegetables against cancers have been shown extensively in experimental animals and epidemiologic studies. We investigated cell proliferation and the induction of apoptosis by onion oil extracted from Allium cepa, a widely consumed Allium vegetable, ...
Iodine Deficiency Mitigates Growth Retardation and Osteopenia in Selenium-Deficient Rats1
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Selenium deficiency is associated with impaired bone metabolism and osteopenia in rats. However, it is not known how combined selenium and iodine deficiency affects bone metabolism. Therefore, we investigated the effect of selenium and iodine deficiency on bone metabolism in ...
Asian Adolescents Have a Higher Trunk:Peripheral Fat Ratio than Whites1
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Body fat, especially in the upper body, has been associated with increased risk of chronic disease among adults. Factors associated with these traits among ethnically diverse populations are not well studied. We examined factors influencing body fat and weight among Asian and ...
An Infant and Child Feeding Index Is Associated with the Nutritional Status of 6- to 23-Month-Old Children in Rural Burkina Faso1
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT The measurement of child feeding practices is complex and the relation between the quality of feeding and children's nutritional status is difficult to establish. We examined this relation in rural Burkina Faso, West Africa, using an adapted version of the Infant and Child ...
Goat Milk Oligosaccharides Are Anti-Inflammatory in Rats with Hapten-Induced Colitis1
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Oligosaccharides are included among the anti-inflammatory components of milk because of their prebiotic properties and their capacity to act as receptors of microorganisms. Here the intestinal anti-inflammatory effect of goat milk oligosaccharides (O) was assessed in ...
The Consumption of Lycopene and Tomato-Based Food Products Is Not Associated with the Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women1
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Lycopene is a major carotenoid with potent antioxidant properties that may provide protection against the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). In this study we examined the association between baseline dietary intakes of lycopene, lycopene-containing foods, and the ...
Process Evaluation Determines the Pathway of Success for a Health Center-Delivered, Nutrition Education Intervention for Infants in Trujillo, Peru1
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Process evaluation was used to explain the success of a randomized, controlled trial of an educational intervention to improve the feeding behaviors of caregivers and the nutritional status of infants in Trujillo, Peru. Health personnel delivered a multicomponent intervention ...
Dietary Recommendations and Identified Research Needs for The National Children's Study
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Many years of research have resulted in a set of accepted methods for dietary assessment of adult populations in large epidemiologic studies. Yet, relatively little has been done to develop and validate dietary methods for studies of pregnant and lactating women, infants, ...
Nutrients, Nuclear Receptors, Inflammation, Immunity Lipids, PPAR, and Allergic Asthma1-3
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) belong to the larger super-family of steroid/ thyroid nuclear receptors. PPARγ is expressed in a number of hematopoietic cells, including dendritic cells, eosinophils, macrophages, and T cells. A number of lipids and ...
Genistein, Estrogen Receptors, and the Acquired Immune Response1,2
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Estrogen regulates thymic development and immune function. Despite the critical role of estrogens in inducing thymic involution and modulating immune responses, the mechanism of this effect is unclear. Similarly, humans and animals are exposed to increasing amounts of the ...
Erratum
Mar 01, 2006; ... Bosy-Westphal A., Danielzik S., Becker C., Geisler C., Onur S., Korth O., Bührens F., Müller M.J. Need for optimal body composition data analysis using air-displacement plethysmography in children and adolescents. J. Nutr. 2005 135:2257-62. A typographical error in the k constant used to ...
Malnourished Children Treated in Day-Hospital or Outpatient Clinics Exhibit Linear Catch-Up and Normal Body Composition1
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT The nutritional programming hypothesis proposes that early life malnutrition is related to an increase in body fat later in life. Brazilian boys and girls (n = 94; 4-14 y old) were studied. Malnourished children treated in a Nutrition Recovery Center, were followed up and ...
Fat Supplements Affect Fractional Rates of Ruminal Fatty Acid Biohydrogenation and Passage in Dairy Cows1,2
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Rates of fatty acid biohydrogenation and passage were determined for fat supplements varying in saturation using lactating dairy cows. First-order fractional passage rates were determined by dividing the duodenal flux of fatty acids by their respective ruminal pool sizes. The ...
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors and Liver X Receptors in Atherosclerosis and Immunity1,2
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Atherosclerosis is a primary cause of death in the United States, and the current obesity epidemic threatens to exacerbate its morbidity and mortality worldwide. Despite important cardiovascular treatment advances over the past few decades, new approaches are needed to curb ...
Need for Optimal Body Composition Data Analysis Using Air-Displacement Plethysmography in Children and Adolescents/Reply to Radley and Fields1
Mar 01, 2006; ... Dear Editor: The recent paper investigating the use of adult and child-specific air displacement plethysmography (ADP) corrections by Bosy-Westphal et al. (1) is an important contribution to the field of pediatric body composition analysis. ADP is particularly suited and, as noted by the ...
Nuclear Receptors and Autoimmune Disease: The Potential of PPAR Agonists to Treat Multiple Sclerosis1,2
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a T-cell-mediated, autoimmune disorder characterized by central nervous system inflammation and demyelination, features reminiscent of the human disease, multiple sclerosis (MS). Prior work in the EAE model has suggested that ...
Announcements
Mar 01, 2006; ... March 20-21, 2006. Transcriptomics, Proteomics and Metabolomics in Dietary Supplement and Nutrition Research. Sponsored by NCCAM, ODS and NCI. Radisson Kauai Beach in Lihue, Kauai, Hawaii. For information contact: Web: www.genomics.uic.edu; E-mail: Dr. Gail Mahady at ...
Hypo- and Hyperresponse to Egg Cholesterol Predicts Plasma Lutein and [beta]-Carotene Concentrations in Men and Women1,2
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to determine whether the plasma response to dietary cholesterol from eggs is associated with the plasma carotenoid response and whether gender influences the carotenoid response. Using a crossover design, 40 subjects classified as either hyper- (10 ...
Functional Diversity of Flavonoids in the Inhibition of the Proinflammatory NF-[kappa]B, IRF, and Akt Signaling Pathways in Murine Intestinal Epithelial Cells
Mar 01, 2006; ... ABSTRACT The molecular understanding of nutritional factors in the process of host factor-mediated activation of the intestinal epithelium may play an important role in the assessment of adjunct nutritional therapy for chronic intestinal inflammation. We characterized the molecular ...