The Journal of Nutrition back issues from June 2007:
Conjugated Linoleic Acid Affects Lipid Composition, Metabolism, and Gene Expression in Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata L)1-3
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract To maximize growth, farmed fish are fed high-fat diets, which can lead to high tissue lipid concentrations that have an impact on quality. The intake of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) reduces body fat in mammals and this study was undertaken to determine the effects of dietary ...
Glutamine Directly Downregulates Glutamine Synthetase Protein Levels in Mouse C2C12 Skeletal Muscle Myotubes1,2
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract This study examined the regulation of glutamine synthetase protein levels, in response to changes in external glutamine concentration, in mouse C2C12 skeletal muscle cells. Glutamine, at concentrations as low as 0.25 mmol/L, downregulated endogenous and exogenous (plasmid ...
Meal Amino Acids with Varied Levels of Arginine do Not Affect Postprandial Vascular Endothelial Function in Healthy Young Men1,2
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Postprandial endothelial dysfunction is a key event mediating the effects of diet on early atherogenesis. The potential effects of protein intake have been overlooked in the past, although amino acids are precursors for homocysteine and nitric oxide (NO). Our objective was to ...
Copper Deficiency Decreases Plasma Homocysteine in Rats1-4
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of copper deficiency on key aspects of homocysteine metabolism that involve methionine recycling and transsulfuration. Male weanling Sprague-Dawley rats were fed AIN-93G-based diets containing <1 or ~6 mg Cu/kg. After 6 ...
David Kritchevsky (1920-2006)1,2
Jun 01, 2007; ... David Kritchevsky, one of the most influential researchers on diet and health of the 20th century and former president of the AIN, died of multiple organ failure on 20 November, 2006. He was horn on 25 January, 1920 in Kharkov, Russia, immigrated with his parents, Jacob and Leah, to the United ...
Dietary Soy Protein Containing Isoflavonoids Does Not Adversely Affect the Reproductive Tract of Male Cynomolgus Macaques (Macaca fascicularis)1,2
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Short-term dietary studies of soy-protein-derived isoflavonoids, using rodent and nonhuman primate models, have documented variable effects on the reproductive tract. Long-term effects of dietary soy and/or isoflavonoids on the reproductive tract of nonhuman primates have not ...
Dietary Encapsulated Glycine Influences Clostridium perfringens and Lactobacilli Growth in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Broiler Chickens1-3
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Three experiments were conducted to determine whether there is a causative relation between dietary glycine concentration and intestinal Clostridium perfringens growth in broiler chickens. Expt. 1 showed that glycine concentrations were higher (P < 0.05) in jejunum and ileum ...
Whole-Food Sources of Vitamin A More Effectively Inhibit Female Rat Sexual Maturation, Mammary Gland Development, and Mammary Carcinogenesis than Retinyl Palmitate1,2
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Previous work using an adolescent rat model for breast cancer showed increased tumor occurrence in rats fed a chemopreventive dose of vitamin A. Preclinical models for nutrient-cancer interactions utilizing defined diets do not replicate the complexity of the human diet and may ...
Conjugated Linoleic Acid Alters Matrix Metalloproteinases of Metastatic Mouse Mammary Tumor Cells1,2
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is a group of linoleic acid derivatives that has been implicated in animal studies to reduce a number of components of mammary tumorigenesis. Previously, we showed that CLA could alter the latency and metastasis of the highly metastatic ...
Whole-Grain Foods Do Not Affect Insulin Sensitivity or Markers of Lipid Peroxidation and Inflammation in Healthy, Moderately Overweight Subjects1,2
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract High intakes of whole grain foods are inversely related to the incidence of coronary heart diseases and type 2 diabetes, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Our study aimed to evaluate the effects of a diet rich in whole grains compared with a diet containing the same amount of ...
Avenanthramides Are Bioavailable and Have Antioxidant Activity in Humans after Acute Consumption of an Enriched Mixture from Oats1,2
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract The consumption of polyphenols is associated with a decreased risk of cardiovascular disease. Avenanthramides (AV), alkaloids occurring only in oats, may have anti-atherosclerotic activity, but there is no information concerning their bioavailability and bioactivity in humans ....
Plasma LDL and HDL Cholesterol and Oxidized LDL Concentrations Are Altered in Normo- and Hypercholesterolemic Humans after Intake of Different Levels of Cocoa Powder1
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Cocoa powder is rich in polyphenols, such as catechins and procyanidins, and has been shown in a variety of subject models to inhibit oxidized LDL and atherogenesis. Our study evaluated plasma LDL cholesterol and oxidized LDL concentrations following the intake of different ...
A Deficiency or Excess of Dietary Threonine Reduces Protein Synthesis in Jejunum and Skeletal Muscle of Young Pigs1,2
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Dietary threonine imbalance is known to reduce the growth of the small intestine, liver, and skeletal muscle in young animals, but the underlying mechanism is largely unknown. Using the pig model, this study was conducted to test the hypothesis that either a deficiency or an ...
Consumption of Sweetened Beverages and Intakes of Fructose and Glucose Predict Type 2 Diabetes Occurrence1
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract The role of intakes of different sugars in the development of type 2 diabetes was studied in a cohort of 4,304 men and women aged 40-60 y and initially free of diabetes at baseline in 1967-1972. Food consumption data were collected using a dietary history interview covering the ...
Inadequate Dietary Protein Increases Hunger and Desire to Eat in Younger and Older Men1,2
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Many older people experience changes in appetite and consume marginal or inadequate dietary protein. This study was designed to examine the appetitive responses to habitual protein intakes that span the range of adequacy in younger and older men. Twenty-two men (12 younger, aged ...
Solid and Liquid Obesogenic Diets Induce Obesity and Counter-Regulatory Changes in Hypothalamic Gene Expression in Juvenile Sprague-Dawley Rats1,2
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Contemporary foods and beverages that constitute the diets of adults and children almost certainly contribute to the obesity problem. To develop a model of childhood obesity, we examined the effects of feeding juvenile rats 2 solid diets, either alone or in combination ...
Gender and Marital Status Clarify Associations between Food Insecurity and Body Weight1,2
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Prior research shows that food insecurity is associated with being overweight in women, with few and ambiguous results in men. Little is known about the characteristics and roles of individuals who are most likely to be both food insecure and overweight or obese. This study ...
Dietary Supplementation with White Button Mushroom Enhances Natural Killer Cell Activity in C57BL/6 Mice1,2
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Mushrooms are reported to possess antitumor, antiviral, and antibacterial properties. These effects of mushrooms are suggested to be due to their ability to modulate immune cell functions. However, a majority of these studies evaluated the effect of administering extracts of ...
ERRATUM
Jun 01, 2007; ... Pellegrini N., Salvatore S., Valtuena S., Bedogni G., Porrini M., Pala V., Del Rio D., Sieri S., Miglio C., Krogh V., Zavaroni L, Brighenti F. (2007). Development and validation of a food frequency questionnaire for the assessment of dietary total antioxidant capacity. J Nutr ....
Decreased Selenoprotein Expression Alters the Immune Response during Influenza Virus Infection in Mice1-3
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Previous work from our laboratory demonstrated that host selenium (Se) deficiency results in greater lung pathology and altered immune function in mice infected with influenza virus. Because selenoproteins play a key role in determining the oxidant status of the host, we ...
Announcements
Jun 01, 2007; ... June 14-15, 2007 Paris Anti-Obesity 2007. 2nd World Congress on Prevention and Therapies against Obesity: Innovation and Perspectives In the Obesity Field. Institut Pasteur, Paris, France. For information; Phone: +33 1 55047755;fax: +33 1 550477 57; e-mail: ...
Benefit of Vitamin A Supplementation on Ascaris Reinfection Is Less Evident in Stunted Children1,2
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Despite the common coexistence of vitamin A deficiency and Ascaris infection in preschool children in developing countries, and despite the widespread use of vitamin A supplements, remarkably little is understood about the impact of vitamin A supplementation on this ...
Standardizing Terminology for Estimating the Diet-Dependent Net Acid Load to the Metabolic System1
Jun 01, 2007; ... Contemporary Western diets contain acid precursors in excess of base precursors, yielding a daily systemic net acid load of varying amounts, depending on the specific composition of the diet. Increasing evidence suggests that differences in daily net acid load, resulting predominantly from ...
Total Antioxidant Capacity: Appraisal of a Concept1,2
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract In this contribution, I discuss the applicability of total antioxidant capacity (TAC) data obtained from plasma to human health issues and the use of TAC data for dietary items in epidemiological applications. Against the background of knowledge that major antioxidant defense is ...
Value or Usefulness of the Food Frequency Questionnaire for the Assessment of Dietary Total Antioxidant Capacity1/Reply to Chow and Chang1,2
Jun 01, 2007; ... Dear Editor: In a recent issue of The Journal of Nutrition, Pellegrini et al. (1) reported the development of a semiquantitative FFQ for assessing dietary total antioxidant capacity (TAC)2. The FFQ developed was validated using 3 different in vitro assays, Trolox equivalent antioxidant ...
Discussion 1: Chemistry and Structural Biology1,2
Jun 01, 2007; ... In response to Dr. Wüthrich's suggestion, Dr. Dougherty, the first keynote speaker, reiterated his perspective that the attributes of aromatic amino acids (AAA) are unique in the noncovalent force between cations and their π-negative surfaces. The new entity termed "cation-π ...
Molecular Mechanisms of Conduction and Selectivity in Aquaporin Water Channels1-3
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Aquaporins (AQP) are a family of membrane channels primarily responsible for conducting water across cellular membranes. The availability of a large body of high resolution structural data along with numerous atomic-scale simulation studies have resulted in an unprecedented ...
Aromatic L-Amino Acids Activate the Calcium-Sensing Receptor1-3
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract The calcium-sensing receptor (CaR) is recognized as a member of class 3 of the G-protein coupled receptor superfamily. Members of this subgroup, which have large N-terminal extracellular domains, include receptors that respond specifically to the amino acid glutamate; receptors ...
c-Abl Tyrosine Kinase and Inhibition by the Cancer Drug Imatinib (Gleevec/STI-571)1-4
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract The search for specific protein kinase inhibitors is an intense area of research because of the potential for drug development. The small-molecule inhibitor imatinib (Gleevec/STI-571) can specifically inactivate the tyrosine kinase c-Abl, whose normal mechanism of autoinhibition ...
Tyrosine, Phenylalanine, and Catecholamine Synthesis and Function in the Brain1-3
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Aromatic amino acids in the brain function as precursors for the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin (substrate tryptophan) and the catecholamines [dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine; substrate tyrosine (Tyr)]. Unlike almost all other neurotransmitter biosynthetic pathways, ...
Biology and Biochemistry: Discussion of Session 2(1,2)
Jun 01, 2007; ... In this session, there were 4 talks focusing on: 1) the structure and regulation of c-Abl tyrosine kinase (1); 2) the activation of the calcium-sensing receptor by aromatic amino acids (2); 3) the computational methods for predicting three-dimensional (3D) structures and ligand-binding sites of ...
Introduction to the Transdisciplinary International Conference on Aromatic Amino Acids and Related Substances: Chemistry, Biology, Medicine, and Application1,2
Jun 01, 2007; ... On the occasion of the "Transdisaplinary International Conference on Aromatic Amino Acids and Related Substances," the organizing committee honors and thanks the expert participants from many areas of aromatic amino acid (AAA) research. In this transdisciplinary meeting, "aromatic paradigms" ...
3-Dimensional Structures of G Protein-Coupled Receptors and Binding Sites of Agonists and Antagonists1-4
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract We summarize here recent progress in predicting the 3-dimensional (3D) structure of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) and in predicting the binding sites for various agonists and antagonists. These receptors play a critical role in cell communications (dopamine, histamine, ...
An Overview of Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Kinetics in Humans1-3
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract The initial use of a tracer of phenylalanine was by Moss and Schoenheimer in rats in 1940 to determine that phenylalanine was hydroxylated to tyrosine, defining for the first time the primacy of this pathway. Phenylalanine and tyrosine kinetics were not measured in humans until ...
Aromatic Amino Acid Requirements in Healthy Human Subjects1-3
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Dietary aromatic amino acids are needed to meet the requirements for phenylalanine and tyrosine for protein synthesis. The amounts needed for neurotransmitter synthesis and other biological processes are small and quantitatively negligible. The earlier nitrogen balance-based ...
Animal Models of Tyrosinemia1-3
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Hereditary tyrosinernia I (HT I) is a genetic disorder of tyrosine metabolism characterized by progressive liver damage from infancy and by a high risk for hepatocellular carcinoma. HT I is due to mutations in the fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase (Fah) gene, which encodes the last ...
Response of Phenylketonuria to Tetrahydrobiopterin1-3
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract A favorable response, indicated by decline of blood phenylalanine (Phe) in patients with phenylketonuria (PKU), to orally administered 6-R-L-erythro-5, 6, 7, 8-tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) has been reported in many countries following the first publication in 1999. In this review, ...
Management of Phenylketonuria and Hyperphenylalaninemia1,2
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Hyperphenylalaninemia(HPA) is the most frequently inherited disorder of amino acid metabolism (prevalence 1:10,000). In France, a nationwide neonatal screening was organized in 1978 to control its efficacy and patient follow-up. Phenylketonuria (PKU) was diagnosed in 81.6% of ...
System Dynamics and Human Metabolism: Discussion of Session 3(1,2)
Jun 01, 2007; ... DR. FEKNSTROM: To begin the discussion, I was not aware that tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4)3 was used as a therapeutic agent. I wonder if anyone could comment on the pharmacokinetics of this compound when given orally? DR. ENDO: BH4 is most used in patients with BH4 deficiencies and in ...
Aromatic Amino Acid Metabolism during Liver Failure1-3
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Liver failure is associated with hepatic encephalopathy (HE). An imbalance in plasma levels of aromatic amino acids (AAA) phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan and branched chain amino acids (BCAA) and their BCAA/AAA ratio has been suggested to play a causal role in HE by ...
Requirements and Pathology in Humans: Discussion of Session 4(1,2)
Jun 01, 2007; ... Paul Pencharz, in response to questions regarding the conditions under which the indicator amino acid technique for determining amino acid requirements were performed, confirmed that the model resembled a continuous feeding situation similar to that found with total parenteral or enteral ...
Phenylalanine and Tyrosine Metabolism in Chronic Kidney Failure1-3
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract In chronic kidney failure, there is impairment in the conversion of phenylalanine to tyrosine. As a result, tyrosine and the tyrosine/phenylalanine ratio are reduced in plasma and many tissues, and phenylalanine concentrations tend to be normal or slightly increased. Although ...
Specific Amino Acid Dependency Regulates the Cellular Behavior of Melanoma1-3
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Relative specific amino acid dependency is one of the metabolic abnormalities of melanoma cells and metabolic studies of this dependency are in their infancy. Herein, we review the current studies in this area and present new information that adds to the understanding of how ...
[beta]-Carotene from Red Carrot Maintains Vitamin A Status, but Lycopene Bioavailability Is Lower Relative to Tomato Paste in Mongolian Gerbils1,2
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Red carrots contain lycopene in addition to α- and β-carotene. The utility of red carrot as a functional food depends in part on the bioavailability of its constituent carotenoids. Lycopene bioavailability was compared in Mongolian gerbils (Meriones unguiculatus) fed ...
[gamma]-Linolenate Reduces Weight Regain in Formerly Obese Humans1,2
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine whether γ-linolenate (GLA) supplementation would suppress weight regain following major weight loss. Fifty formerly obese humans were randomized into a double-blind study and given either 890 mg/d of GLA (5 g/d borage oil) or 5 g/d ...
Cation-[pi] Interactions Involving Aromatic Amino Acids1-4
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract The cation-π interaction is a general, strong, noncovalent binding force that is used throughout nature. The side chains of the aromatic amino acids [phenylalanine (Phe), tyrosine (Tyr), and tryptophan (Trp)] provide a surface of negative electrostatic potential than can ...
Lysine, Arginine, and Related Amino Acids: An Introduction to the 6th Amino Acid Assessment Workshop1-3
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract The focus of the 6th workshop is on lysine, arginine, and related amino acids. Functions, metabolic pathways, clinical uses, and upper tolerance intakes are emphasized in the articles that follow. Lysine is arguably the most deficient amino acid in the food supply of countries ...
Unique Aspects of Lysine Nutrition and Metabolism1-3
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Lysine nutrition is unique among indispensable amino acids in that it can be conserved and can be fed 12 h out of phase (delayed supplement) with the other dietary amino acids. In piglets, high levels (2-6%) of L-lysine added to a 10% protein diet can be tolerated without ...
Arginine Metabolism: Boundaries of Our Knowledge1-3
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Arginine has multiple metabolic fates and thus is one of the most versatile amino acids. Not only is it metabolically interconvertible with the amino acids proline and glutamate, but it also serves as a precursor for synthesis of protein, nitric oxide, creatine, polyaminos, ...
Citrulline: A New Player in the Control of Nitrogen Homeostasis1-3
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Citrulline (CIT) is an amino acid that is not involved in protein synthesis but that is tightly linked to arginine (ARG) metabolism. CIT displays a very specific metabolism: In the 1980s, Windmuller demonstrated that the small intestine releases CIT, which is mainly taken up by ...
Pharmacokinetics of Arginine and Related Amino Acids1-3
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Arginine (ARG) and its related amino acids (AAs) ornithine (ORN) and citrulline (CIT) find a range of applications as dietary supplements in subgroups of healthy subjects (e.g., bodybuilders) and patients with acute or chronic malnutrition. These AAs appear to be well utilized ...
Nutritional Consequences of Interspecies Differences in Arginine and Lysine Metabolism1-3
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Differences in lysine and arginine requirements among various species such as omnivores (humans, pigs, rats, dogs), carnivores (cats), herbivores (rabbits, horses), ruminants (cattle), poultry, and fish, are covered in detail in this article. Although lysine is classified as an ...
Lysine Requirement through the Human Life Cycle1,2
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Lysine cannot be synthesized by mammals and, as a consequence, is an indispensable amino acid. The main role of lysine is to participate in protein synthesis. The catabolism of lysine is principally located in the liver. Lysine released from digested protein undergoes a ...
Regulation of Nitric Oxide Synthesis and Apoptosis by Arginase and Arginine Recycling1-3
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Nitric oxide (NO) is synthesized from arginine and O2 by NO synthase (NOS). Citrulline formed as a by-product of the NOS reaction can be recycled to arginine by argininosuccinate synthetase (AS) and argininosuccinate lyase (AL). We found that AS and sometimes AL are coinduced ...
Biomarkers of Arginine and Lysine Excess1-3
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Arginine supplementation is used in several disease states. In arginine-deficient states, supplementation is a logical choice of therapy. However, the definition of an arginine-deficient state is complex. For example, plasma arginine levels could be within normal range but ...
Biomarkers Identified in Inborn Errors for Lysine, Arginine, and Ornithine1,2
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Inborn errors of lysine, arginine, and ornithine metabolism are very rare: only a few patients affected with these disorders have been carefully investigated, and very few reports on long-term outcome are available. These rare data make it difficult to define safety limits of ...
Orotic Acid Excretion and Arginine Metabolism1-3
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract The urinary excretion of orotic acid, an intermediate in the pyrimidine brosynthetic pathway, is markedly increased in many inborn errors of the urea cycle and in a number of other disorders involving arginine metabolism. Carbamoyl phosphate, which accumulates within hepatic ...
The Pharmacodynamics of L-Arginine1-3
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract L-Arginine is a precursor for nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. NO is a ubiquitous mediator that is formed by a family of enzymes named NO synthases. In the brain, NO acts as a neurotransmitter; in the immune system, NO acts as a mediator of host defense; and in the cardiovascular ...
Arginine in the Critical Care Setting1-3
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Arginine is a nonessential ammo acid in the normal physiological state that becomes conditionally essential during periods of hypermetabolic stress. Recent literature supports the hypothesis that arginine plays an important role in the intermediary metabolism of the critically ...
Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Arginine Supplementation in Animals1-3
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Anticipating the future use of arginine to enhance fetal and neonatal growth as well as to treat diabetes and obesity, we performed studies in pigs, rats, and sheep to determine the pharmacokinetics of orally or i.v. administered arginine and the safety of its chronic ...
Arginine and Immunity1-3
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract For many years, dietary arginine supplementation, often combined with other substances, has been used as a mechanism to boost the immune system. Considerable controversy, however, exists as to the benefits and indications of dietary arginine due in part to a poor understanding ...
Adverse Gastrointestinal Effects of Arginine and Related Amino Acids1,2
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Oral supplements of arginine and citrulline increase local nitric oxide (NO) production in the small intestine and this may be harmful under certain circumstances. Gastrointestinal toxicity was therefore reviewed with respect to the intestinal physiology of arginine, citrulline, ...
The 6th Workshop on the Assessment of Adequate Intake of Dietary Amino Acids: Summary of General Discussion1-3
Jun 01, 2007; ... With respect to setting safe upper levels of intake for nutrients for human consumption, participants with toxicological and regulatory backgrounds commented on the paucity of systematic data regarding the adverse effects of many of the micronutrients and noted that hazard identification and ...
Inherited Disorders Affecting Dopamine and Serotonin: Critical Neurotransmitters Derived from Aromatic Amino Acids1-3
Jun 01, 2007; ... Abstract Many inherited disorders affecting aromatic amino acid metabolism have been described. This review will concentrate on the defects that lead to deficiencies of dopamine and serotonin within the central nervous system. Phenylalanine hydroxylase, tyrosine hydroxylase, and ...