Recently added articles from Transactions of the American Philosophical Society:

Introductory Note

Jan 01, 2008; Dunn, Mary Maples ... THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY is particularly pleased to publish Dashkova because Princess Ekaterina Dashkova was admired by our founder, Benjamin Franklin, and because on his nomination she became the first female member of the Society. Publication of this volume follows a very successful ...

Author's Note

Jan 01, 2008; Woronzoff-Dashkoff, A ... I WOULD LIKE TO THANK the numerous specialists, archivists, and librarians in Russia, the Ukraine, France, England, Ireland, and the United States who have, over the years, aided me in my research. No one took greater interest in this work, nor followed its progress more closely than my wife, ...

Introduction

Jan 01, 2008; Anonymous ... ON JANUARY 26, 1781, Benjamin Franklin left the Hôtel de Valentinois, his stately residence overlooking the river Seine in the village of Passy. He rode in his carriage through Paris to the Hôtel de la Chine in the Marais district of the city where the Russian princess Ekaterina Dashkova was ...

Education and Enlightenment

Jan 01, 2008; Anonymous ... DASHKOVA WAS BORN MARCH 17, 1743, in St. Petersburg, the new capital of Russia, during an unprecedented age of women's rule.1 Peter the Great founded the city only forty years earlier as a symbol of his determination to break with Russia's past and to improve links with the West. His imposition ...

Conspiracy

Jan 01, 2008; Anonymous ... WITH CHARACTERISTIC ENERGY, Dashkova prepared herself for a life allowing her to escape the stifling confinement of her childhood and to live beyond the restrictive possibilities available to most women of the time. Always eager to learn more about other countries, cultures, and forms of ...

The Coup

Jan 01, 2008; Anonymous ... PARTICIPATION IN THE COUP D'ÉTAT of 1762 was the one event that would forever define Dashkova's future. It marked her entrance onto the stage of world affairs. It was a night when the masquerades of her youth, the disguises she assumed throughout her life, and questions of gender and identity ...

Banishment

Jan 01, 2008; Anonymous ... EVENTS AT COURT ASSOCIATED WITH CATHERINE and a proximity to power shaped and determined Dashkova's expectations and disappointments. Early on, these events included her first meeting with Catherine in 1759, the palace revolution of 1762, and the discovery of Orlov in Catherine's boudoir. The ...

First Journey Abroad

Jan 01, 2008; Anonymous ... IN DECEMBER 1769, DASHKOVA DEPARTED on a journey lasting two years and taking her to the countries of continental Europe and on to England. Disheartened and angered by her rejection at court, she was nevertheless determined to restore her standing with Catherine. Travel would offer her the ...

Second Journey Abroad

Jan 01, 2008; Anonymous ... BECAUSE OF HER EXCLUSION from the court, Dashkova could not congratulate the empress personally on the Russian victories over Turkey. Instead, she sent her a work by Angelica Kauffinann, the Swiss-born painter Dashkova admired, who was known for her portraits and historical scenes and who was ...

The Academy of Sciences

Jan 01, 2008; Anonymous ... DASHKOVA COULD NOT HAVE IMAGINED the degree to which her standing had improved at court, but her prudent behavior abroad was now paying dividends, and soon she would be appointed to an administrative position never before held by a woman in Russia. She returned to St. Petersburg in the summer of ...

The Russian Academy

Jan 01, 2008; Anonymous ... THE YEARS OF HER DIRECTORSHIP were not devoted entirely to running the Academy of Sciences. During the first several years particularly, she was part of the court and high society life of St. Petersburg, attending more than ever before functions at the Winter Palace, performances at the ...

A Woman of Letters

Jan 01, 2008; Anonymous ... LIKE CATHERINE, DASHKOVA WROTE plays, memoirs, became involved in linguistics, and published articles in what she considered her areas of greatest competence and interest - education, literature, and history. Her most active and productive period of literary activity coincided with the ...

Estrangement

Jan 01, 2008; Anonymous ... GRIEF, ANGER, LOSS, AND ENDLESS DISPUTES at home and at court characterized the years of Dashkova's administration of the two academies as she carried out her duties and attended the empress. She was greatly saddened when she learned of Diderot's death in 1784. "His death was a great grief to me ...

Troitskoe and Korotovo

Jan 01, 2008; Anonymous ... A GENERAL SENSE OF SEPARATION and the immediacy of exile to the north of Russia marked the final period of Dashkova's life from 1794 to her death in 1810. On July 28, 1794, Zavadovskii wrote Simon that Dashkova was planning to leave the capital. "She is unhappy. You know yourself her personality ...

The Final Years

Jan 01, 2008; Anonymous ... DURING THE LAST DECADE OF HER LIFE, which corresponded to the first decade of the new century, Dashkova lived on her estate in the spring and summer and in Moscow in the fall and winter. The visit of the sisters Martha and Catherine Wilmot for a time rejuvenated Dashkova, distracting her from ...

Epilogue

Jan 01, 2008; Anonymous ... IN THE LATE 1980s, ON THE EVE of the Soviet Union's demise, I was able to realize my dream of many years and visit Troitskoe, the estate that had been so much more than just a home for Dashkova and whose memory she devotedly preserved in the Memoirs. Ironically, while it was a place of ...

PREFACE

Jan 01, 2008; Anonymous ... As I remarked in the preface to the previous edition of books 4-5, it is easy to be misled by Alhacen's analytic focus in those books into supposing that his primary aim in studying reflection was to explain how light interacts physically with reflecting surfaces. This supposition is not ...

INTRODUCTION

Jan 01, 2008; Anonymous ... 1. Alhacen's Analysis of Image-Distortion in Mirrors: An Overview Unlike book 5, book 6 is organized in an absolutely straightforward manner that reflects its purpose to explain image-distortion in the seven types of mirrors analyzed in books 4 and 5. Thus, after two introductory ...

MANUSCRIPTS AND EDITING

Jan 01, 2008; Anonymous ... Textual Issues in the Manuscripts: The Latin text in this current edition is based on the same seven manuscripts as the Latin text in the previous edition of books 4-5: i.e., F, Pl, S, E, L3,01 and Cl. Having already explained in detail both how and why I chose this particular group from the ...