US Fed News Service, Including US State News back issues from Thursday, November 9:
Taiwanese Inventor Develops Hexagonal Spanner Slide Stop Device
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Chih-Ching Hsien of Taipei, Taiwan, has developed a slide stop device of a hexagonal spanner. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A slide stop device of a hexagonal spanner comprises: a spanner body; one end of the spanner body having a ...
North Carolina, Nebraska Inventors Develop Quick Adjusting Pliers
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- David P. Engvall of Huntersville, N.C., Jeffery L. Ditzler of Troutman, N.C., and Gene L. Tyser of Wilbur, Neb., have developed a method and device for clamping an object with quick adjusting pliers. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A top ...
Ohio Inventors Develop Melamine Derivative Composite
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Karen Elaine Burkholder of Wadsworth, Ohio, Kristine Nicole Ludwig of Akron, Ohio, and James Robert Tuttle of Hudson, Ohio, have developed a composite of melamine derivative and carbon black, rubber composition and article having a component thereof. According to the ...
Japanese Inventors Develop Optical Device
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Shigeru Takeshita of Kanagawa, Japan, and Toshiyuki Yasuda of Saitama, Japan, have developed an optical device which comprises a fixed barrel, a movable cam ring, and collars and abutments. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The movable cam ...
California Inventor Develops Integrated Scanning Method
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- John K. Shimmick of Belmont, Calif., has developed an integrated scanning and ocular tomography system and a method. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "Systems and methods of the present invention measure at least one reflecting surface of an ...
Japanese Inventors Develop Document Processing Apparatus
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Toshikazu Ohwada and Katsumi Kanasaki, Tokyo, have developed a method of document processing utilizing a version managing part. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "When there are the same contents (content data) of a document among versions, ...
Taiwanese Inventor Develops Flip Chip Package
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Chi-Hsing Hsu of Taipei Hsien, Taiwan, has developed a flip chip package and process of forming the same. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A flip chip package and a process of forming the same are disclosed. After aligning a chip on a ...
Kentucky Inventors Develop Imaging Apparatus with Automatic Sheet Feeder
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Randal Scott Williamson and Edmund Hulin James, III, both of Lexington, Ky., have developed an imaging apparatus that includes a sheet separation surface positioned along the sheet feed path downstream from a media tray. According to the U.S. Patent & ...
Finnish Inventors Develop Particle Distribution Density Properties Measuring Method
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Jorma Keskinen, Mikko Moisio, Marko Marjamaki and Jyrki Ristimaki, all from Tampere, Finland, and Annele Virtanen of Varalankatu, Finland, have developed a method of measuring density properties of a particle distribution. According to the U.S. Patent & ...
South Korean Inventors Develop Level Shift Circuit for Semiconductor Device
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Hee-Bok Kang and Jin-Hong Ahn, both of Kyoungki-do, South Korea, have developed a level shift circuit for use in semiconductor device. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A level shifter for use in a semiconductor device, includes: a first ...
Pennsylvania Inventor Develops Clamping System
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- George W. Sankey II of Osceola Mills, Pa., has developed a clamping system, adapted to be used with lumber. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, the invention relates to a "clamping system including a fixed end and an adjustable end. Both ends ...
German Inventors Develop Optical Applications Transparent Molding Composition
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Roland Wursche of Duelmen, Germany, Dagmar Kaufhold of Recklinghausen, Germany, and Berthold Teloeken of Marl, Germany, have developed a transparent molding composition for optical applications. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A molding ...
South Carolina Inventor Develops Vending Machine with Cabinet Frame
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Edmund Scott Richardson of Simpsonville, S.C., has developed a vending machine that includes a cabinet frame with top, bottom, side and rear walls that collectively define a central cavity. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A plurality of ...
Taiwanese Inventor Develops Driving Tool with Irrotatable Bars
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Chorng-Jiang Lin of Taichung, Taiwan, has developed a driving tool that includes a driving head with a passage defined therethrough so that a bar movably extends through the passage. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A driving protrusion ...
Connecticut Inventor Develops Ski Boot
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- J. Thomas Light of Lakeville, Conn., has developed an alpine ski boot that consists of a rigid sole and a shell-less substantially flexible upper portion that is attached to the sole. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The boot is secured to ...
South Korean Inventors Develop Dual Panel-Type Organic Electroluminescent Device
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Jae-Yong Park and Hae-Yeol Kim, both of Gyeonggi-do, South Korea, and Sung-Ki Kim of Seoul, South Korea, have developed a dual panel-type organic electroluminescent device and a method for fabricating the same. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark ...
German, Japanese Inventors Develop Fluid Flow Rate Control Valve
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Wolfgang Klink and Tilman Miehle, both of Waiblingen, Germany, Jochen Wessner of Esslingen, Germany, Hermann Keimer of Winnenden, Germany, and Takeshi Ichinose of Saitama-ken, Japan, have developed a fluid flow rate control valve, an anchor for mover and a fuel ...
Japanese Inventor Develops Ultrasonic Surgical Instrument
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Eiji Murakami of Hachioji, Japan, has developed an ultrasonic surgical instrument capable of incising, ablating, or coagulating organic tissues by utilizing ultrasonic waves. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "When a probe unit and a sheath ...
New York, Indiana, Michigan Inventors Develop Engine Auto-Ignition Control Method
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Vijay Ramappan of Pittsford, N.Y., Sergio Eduardo Garcia of Webster, N.Y., Brian R. Lovegrove of Kokomo, Ind., and Philip Allen Karau of Grand Blanc, Mich., have developed a method to control auto-ignition in an internal combustion engine that is equipped with variable ...
Japanese Inventor Develops Zoom Lens System
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Satoshi Hayakawa of Kawasaki, Japan, has developed a zoom lens system with a high zoom ratio. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "An object is to provide a zoom lens system with a high zoom ratio capable of preferably correcting aberrations ...
Japanese Inventors Develop Data Processing Method
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Toshihiko Munetsugu and Shoichi Araki, both of Osaka, Japan, and Minoru Etoh and Koichi Emura, both of Kanagawa, Japan, have developed a data processing method and a storage medium, and a program for causing computer to execute the data processing ...
Chinese Inventor Develops Projectors Optical System Design
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Hoi-Sing Kwok of Hong Kong has developed optical projection systems that employ flat light sources. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "Optical system designs for projectors using flat light sources are disclosed. These projectors make use of ...
Maryland Inventors Develop Animal Wrap
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Pamela L. Wanveer of Silver Spring, Md., and Damion Hunter of Barnsville, Md., have developed a wrap for an animal's body that is designed especially for use with the process of touch training. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The animal ...
Missouri Inventor Develops Data Migration Method
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Ray Edward Dickensheets of Independence, Mo., has developed a method, a system, and a medium for replicating data stored on a storage array. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "Source data, which may change during the copy process, is copied ...
Japanese Inventor Develops Zoom Lens System
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Koji Hoshi of Tochigi, Japan, has developed a zoom lens system and an image-taking apparatus with the same. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A zoom lens system is disclosed, comprising, in order from an object side to an image side, a first ...
Japanese Inventors Develop Magnetic Garnet Material
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Atsushi Ohido, Tamotsu Sugawara, Kazuhito Yamasawa, Shinichiro Kakei, Kazuya Shimakawa and Katsunori Hosoya, all from Tokyo, have developed a technique of producing a magnetic garnet material of which the light absorption characteristics worsen little even though it is ...
South Korean Inventor Develops Image-Noise Attenuation Apparatus
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Pil-ho Yu of Suwon-si, South Korea, has developed a method of adaptively attenuating image-noise according to a degree of motion of an image signal and an apparatus therefor. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "An input image signal is ...
Oregon Inventors Develop Prioritized Bus Request Scheduling Mechanism
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- David L Hill of Cornellus, Ore., and Derek T. Bachand of Portland, Ore., have developed a scheduler for use in processor devices and other agents. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A scheduler stores data to be scheduled. The scheduler may ...
New Jersey Inventor Develops Wavelength Monitoring Device
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Yakov G. Soskind of Plainsboro, N.J., has developed a wavelength locker that is used to precisely maintain the operating wavelength or frequency of a laser. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A wavelength monitoring device for monitoring a ...
New Jersey Inventor Develops Optical Signal Direct Characterization Device
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Christophe J. Dorrer of Matawan, N.J., has developed a method and an apparatus for the direct characterization of the phase of an optical signal. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A method and apparatus for the direct characterization of the ...
Japanese Inventor Develops Crankshaft Supporter
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Makoto Nakamura of Shizuoka-ken, Japan, has developed a crankshaft supporter which permits an easier cutting process to form a knock-pin (dowel) hole so as to reduce wear of blades of cutting tools. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A ...
British Inventors Develop Trace Volatile Detecting Apparatus
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Peter Darren Wareham of High Peak, Great Britain, and Krishna Chandra Persaud of Cheadle, Great Britain, have developed a method and an apparatus for detection of trace volatiles. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, the invention relates to a ...
New York Inventor Develops Improved Baseball Game and Playing Field
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Lyndonn Prince of New York has developed an improved baseball game that reduces idle time between successive pitches by having two pitchers pitch sequential pitches to two batters. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The pitchers are stationed ...
Washington, California, Mississippi, Inventors Develop Configurable Data Path
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Suwei Chen of Redmond, Wash., Sanjay Sancheti of Sunnyvale, Calif., and Jeffery Scott Hunt of Ackerman, Miss., have developed a data path which is configurable for multiple clocking arrangements. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A data ...
Japanese Inventors Develop Engine Air Intake Device
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Junya Sasaki of Ayase, Japan, and Atsurou Kotouge of Yokohama, Japan, have developed an engine air intake device that is configured to execute variable resonance supercharging with respect to the intake air delivered to an internal combustion engine. According ...
Japanese Inventor Develops Printed Wiring Board
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Toru Nakai of Gifu, Japan, has developed a printed wiring board and production method for printed wiring board. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A printed wiring board including solder pads excellent in frequency characteristic is provided ....
British Inventor Develops Memory Circuit Scan Arrangement Method
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Christophe Lauga of Westbury Park, Great Britain, has developed a full scan arrangement for testing digital circuits, in particular testing using scan chains with memory circuits. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A semiconductor integrated ...
German Inventor Develops Internal Combustion Engine Fuel Injection Method
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Gerhard Gruber of Backnang, Germany, has developed a method for injecting fuel into a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "In a method of injecting fuel into the combustion chambers of an ...
German Inventor Develops Optical Signals Evaluating Circuit
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Gu Gleim of Villingen-Schwenningen, Germany, has developed a circuit that comprises a combined signal and environmental light sensor. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "In indication and image reproduction apparatus, the ambient brightness ...
Rhode Island Inventor Develops Compositions for Golf Ball
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Michael J. Sullivan of Barrington, R.I., has developed golf balls with high coefficient of restitution, and a high coefficient of restitution golf ball at high club speeds. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The present invention is directed ...
Pennsylvania Inventor Develops Baseball Swing Trainer
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Thomas Griffin of Olyphant, Pa., has developed a baseball swing trainer. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "In a first embodiment, a ball is pivotally attached to a vertical arm which is slidably attached to an oblique arm, the oblique arm is ...
California Inventors Develop Organic Light Emitting Diode Device
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Rahul Gupta of Santa Clara, Calif., Andrew Ingle of Fremont, Calif., Sriram Natarajan of Burlingame, Calif., and Stefan Grebler of Sunnyvale, Calif., have developed an organic light emitting diode for inkjet printing process and fabrication. According to the ...
Japanese Inventor Develops Rubber Crawler Core Bar
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Yoshio Ueno of Kishiwada, Japan, has developed a core bar for a rubber crawler. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A core bar for a rubber crawler includes: right and left wing parts; an engaging part for connecting the wing parts; right and ...
U.S., British Inventors Develop Adjustable Clamp
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Stephen Rowlay of Sheffield, Great Britain, Alisdair Cumming of Kingstone, Great Britain, and Keith M Lombardi of Avon, Conn., have developed a jaw for a bar clamp. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, the invention relates to a "jaw for a bar ...
Japanese Inventor Develops Color Management Apparatus
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Hideto Motomura of Yokohama, Japan, has developed a color management apparatus and a color management system. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The present invention allows the transmitting side and receiving side to exchange the device ...
Minnesota Inventor Develops Device Topographical Patterning Apparatus
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Zine Eddine Boutaghou of Vadnais Heights, Minn., has developed a method for topographical patterning of a device. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The device of the present invention facilitates engaging mating elements, such as actuators ...
Colorado Inventor Develops Football Training Apparatus
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Jimmy Spencer of Parker, Colo., has developed an electronic practice dummy that is adapted with an electrically actuated rotatable torso for providing resistance primarily during blocking drills. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A football ...
Japanese Inventor Develops Projection Type Video Display Apparatus
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Kazunobu Oketani of Yawata, Japan, has developed a projection type video display apparatus. An abstract of the invention, released by the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, said: "In a projection type video display apparatus comprising a light source lamp and ...
Utah Inventors Develop Data Communication Maintenance Method
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- William McIntire of Sandy, Utah, and Dale D. Fonnesbeck of Kaysville, Utah, have developed a communication link with compensation for interruption of signal flow. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A method and system for maintaining ...
German Inventors Develop Polymer Mixture
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Friedrich Engelhardt of Frankfurt, Germany, Ru Funk of Niedernhausen, Germany, and Mariola Wanior of Erlensee, Germany, have developed polymer mixtures that includes hydrogel-forming polymers capable of absorbing aqueous fluids. According to the U.S. Patent ...
Japanese Inventor Develops Projector Apparatus
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Hideaki Inoue of Musashimurayama, Japan, has developed a projector apparatus, inclination angle obtaining method, and a projection image correction method. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "In a projector to which the present invention is ...
New York, Pennsylvania Inventors Develop Images Modification Apparatus
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- David L. Patton of Webster, N.Y., John R. Fredlund of Rochester, N.Y., and John D. Buhr of Newtown, Pa., have developed a method and apparatus for modifying images. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The method includes the steps of analyzing ...
California Inventor Develops Six Membered Amino-Amide Derivatives
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Guoqing P Chen of Thousand Oaks, Calif., has developed a six membered amino-amide derivatives an angiogenisis inhibitors. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The present invention relates to six membered amino-amide derivatives, processes for ...
Italian Inventor Develops Relative Angular Position Measuring Device
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Fabio Pasolini of South Martino Siccomario, Italy, has developed a device for measuring the relative angular position of two bodies with respect to a point with a first measuring element and a second measuring element. An abstract of the invention, released by ...
Colorado Inventor Develops Animal Restraint Device
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Ronald J. Blommel of Denver has developed animal restraint devices. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "An animal restraint is comprised of a fabric panel with two elongated rigid members attached to two edges. A fastener system such as a hook ...
Japanese Inventors Develop Semiconductor Integrated Circuit
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Yoshiyuki Tanaka of Kanagawa, Japan, and Yoshinari Ojima of Tokyo, have developed a semiconductor integrated circuit including operation test circuit and operation test method thereof. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A semiconductor ...
Taiwanese Inventors Develop Boost Circuit with Voltage Detector
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Yin-Chang Chen of Hsin-Chu Hsien, Taiwan, and Yang-Chieh Lin of Tai-Nan, Taiwan, have developed a boost circuit that is capable of boosting a reference voltage into an output voltage. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The boost circuit ...
North Carolina Inventor Develops Athletic Shoe with Plate
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- David F. Meschan of Greensboro, N.C., has developed a shoe that includes a plate and at least one inflated cushion. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "In one embodiment, the inflated cushion is spaced apart from the plate during the entire ...
Dutch Inventors Develop High-Pressure Discharge Lamp
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Hendrik Anton Van Esveld, Johan Leopold Victorina Hendrix and Gerardus Marinus Josephus Franciscus Luijks, all from Eindhoven, Netherlands, have developed a high-pressure discharge lamp with discharge vessel and ignition circuit that comprises a series connection of a ...
California Inventor Develops Digital Image Enhancement Method
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Yeong-Taeg Kim of Irvine, Calif., has developed a method for enhancing a digital image while suppressing undershoots and overshoots. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A method is provided for enhancing the details of an image while ...
Arizona, Iowa Inventors Develop Molybdenum Metal
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Mohamed H. Khan of Tucson, Ariz., and Joel A. Taube of Donnellson, Iowa, have developed novel forms of molybdenum metal, and apparatus and methods for production thereof. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "Novel forms of molybdenum metal are ...
Japanese Inventors Develop Object Transferring Delivery Position Alignment Method
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Motohiro Kumagai of Kofu, Japan, and Keisuke Kondoh of Nirasaki, Japan, have developed a transfer system that has a position aligning device, a mounting device, and a transfer mechanism having two pick. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "In a ...
California Inventors Develop Shallow Trench Isolation Structure Formation Method
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Chih-Hsiang Chen and Guo-Qiang Lo, both of Portland, and Yiming Gu of Hillsboro, Ore., have developed a method for forming shallow trench isolation structure with anti-reflective liner. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The present invention ...
Dutch, Singapore, Malaysian Inventors Develop Iron with Foam Moistening Means
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Amar Ashok Mavinkurve, Eduard Josephus Hultermans and Petrus Henricus De Leeuw, all from Eindhoven, Netherlands, Nyik Siong Wong of Singapore, and Asok Kumar SO Kasevan of Johor, Malaysia, have developed an iron with means for moistening fabric to be ...
Japanese Inventors Develop Data Retaining Circuit
Nov 09, 2006 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Nov. 9 -- Yukio Arima of Yokohama, Japan, Koichiro Ishibashi of Warabi, Japan, and Takahiro Yamashita of Tokyo, have developed a data retaining circuit that reduces the occurrence of soft errors due to alpha rays, neutrons and so forth. According to the U.S. Patent & ...