US Fed News Service, Including US State News back issues from Thursday, June 21:
Japanese Inventor Develops Ornamental Design for Television Set
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Toshiyuki Kita of Osaka, Japan, has developed an ornamental design for a 'television set,' the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office announced. The inventor was issued U.S. Patent No. D544,850 on June 19. The patent has been assigned to Sharp Kabushiki ...
Illinois Inventors Develop Caller Identification Service
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Ron Urban of Woodridge, Ill., Jim Kovarik of Batavia, Ill., and Nancy Book of Naperville, Ill., have developed a method for providing the names of the city and state of a calling party to a called party when the calling party's name is unavailable. According ...
Spanish Inventor Develops Telephone Inquiry Installation Method
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Nadim Massoud of Marbella, Spain, has developed an installation method for telephone inquiry. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A method for querying by telephone a receiver centre is characterised in that the querying party dials the ...
Japanese Inventors Develop Ornamental Design for Portable Telephone
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Satoshi Takamori of Shiga, Japan, and Masami Nishida of Osaka, Japan, have developed an ornamental design for a portable telephone, the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office announced. The inventors were issued U.S. Patent No. D544,852 on June 19. The ...
California Inventor Develops Ornamental Design for Amplifier
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Douglas W. Teulie of Huntington Beach, Calif., has developed an ornamental design for an amplifier, the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office announced. The inventor was issued U.S. Patent No. D544,859 on June 19. The patent has been assigned to QSC Audio ...
South Korean Inventor Develops Electret Condenser Microphone
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Chung Dam Song of Seoul, South Korea, has developed an integrated base and an electret condenser microphone that use the same. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "An electret condenser microphone includes a case, a diaphragm electrically ...
California Inventor Develops Ornamental Design for Handset Key Button Arrangement
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Justin Lyles of San Diego has developed an ornamental design for a key button arrangement for a handset, the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office announced. The inventor was issued U.S. Patent No. D544,858 on June 19. The patent has been assigned to ...
California Inventor Develops Ornamental Design for Handset
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Duncan Burns of Tarzana, Calif., has developed an ornamental design for a handset, the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office announced. The inventor was issued U.S. Patent No. D544,851 on June 19. The patent has been assigned to Nokia Corp., Espoo, ...
New Hampshire Inventor Develops Ornamental Design for Compact Disc Player Radio
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Kenneth David Harris of Hollis, N.H., has developed an ornamental design for a radio and compact disc player, the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office announced. The inventor was issued U.S. Patent No. D544,853 on June 19. The patent has been assigned to ...
California Inventors Develop Etched-Facet Semiconductor Optical Component
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Henry A. Blauvelt of San Marino, Calif., David W. Vernooy of Sierra Madre, Calif., Joel S. Paslaski of Alhambra, Calif., Charles I. Grosjean of Pasadena, Calif., Hao Lee of Arcadia, Calif., Franklin G. Monzon of Temple City, Calif., and Katrina H. Nguyen of San Jose, ...
California Inventor Develops Ornamental Design for Audio System
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Glenn Smith of Cypress, Calif., has developed an ornamental design for an audio system, the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office announced. The inventor was issued U.S. Patent No. D544,854 on June 19. The original application was filed on April 28, 2006, ...
Iowa Inventor Develops Ornamental Design for Speaker Basket
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Ben Milne of Newton, Iowa, has developed an ornamental design for speaker basket, the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office announced. The inventor was issued U.S. Patent No. D544,857 on June 19. The patent has been assigned to Elemental Designs Ben ...
North Carolina Inventor Develops Abrasion Resistant Nonwoven Fabrics Formation Method
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Herbert Parks Hartgrove of Angier, N.C., has developed a method of forming abrasion resistant nonwoven fabrics by hydroentanglement that includes a precursor web. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The precursor web is subjected to ...
New Zealand Inventor Develops In-Line Early Reflection Enhancement System
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Mark Poletti of Wellington, New Zealand, has developed an in-line early reflection enhancement system for enhancing acoustics. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "An in-line early enhancement generation system comprises one or more ...
Japanese Inventors Develop Arylethenesulfonamide Derivative Crystal
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Yoshinori Kato, Hironori Harada, Masahiro Kurotani, Haruhiko Toda and Kenichirou Sakamoto, all from Takahagi, Japan, have developed a crystal of arylethenesulfonamide derivative and preparation process thereof. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: ...
California Inventor Develops Ultra-low Flying Height Slider Design
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Ellis T. Cha of San Ramon, Calif., has developed a modular design for an air bearing surfaces of a slider to achieve an ultra-low flying height. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A subambient pressure air bearing slider for disk drives and ...
Montana, Washington Inventors Develop Aminoalkyl Glucosaminide Phosphate Production Process
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- David A. Johnson and Craig L. Johnson, both of Hamilton, Monn., Helene G. Bazin of Stevensville, Monn., and C. Gregory Sowell of Mukilteo, Wash., have developed processes for the production of aminoalkyl glucosaminide phosphate and disaccharide immunoeffectors and ...
Connecticut Inventors Develop Pyrrolotriazine Compound
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Harold Mastalerz of Guilford, Conn., and Guifen Zhang of Wallingford, Conn., have developed pyrrolotriazine compounds. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "Described herein is at least one pyrrolo[1,2-f][1,2,4]triazine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione, which ...
Texas Inventors Develop Electrical Faults Detection Apparatus
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Joseph Andrew Langford of Duncanville, Texas, and Gregory Warren Osberne of Mensfield, Texas, have developed a method and an apparatus for protecting a power supply from electrical faults. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The present ...
Canadian Inventors Develop Biomass Gasification System
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Raymond Dueck of Arborg, Canada, and Maciej G. Wierzbowski of Winnipeg, Canada, have developed a biomass gasification system designed for combusting biomass material containing silica including straw. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, the ...
Iowa Inventors Develop Piperidine Derivative Production Process
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Peter C. Michels of Des Moines, Iowa, and Eric L. Zirbes of Coralville, Iowa, have developed a process for the production of piperidine derivatives with microorganisms. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The present invention relates to a ...
California Inventors Develop Magnetic Head Write Element
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Brian E. Brusca, Joel S. Forrest, Richard Hsiao, James D. Jarratt and Brian R. York, all from San Jose, Calif., have developed a high magnetic moment Cobalt-Iron-Oxygen-Nitrogen (Co-Fe-O-N) films with soft magnetic properties. According to the U.S. Patent ...
California Inventor Develops Magnetic Head
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Hardayal Singh Gill of Palo Alto, Calif., has developed read heads for magnetic data storage mediums. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A magnetic head has a read sensor which includes at least one primary pinned layer, a barrier layer, and ...
California Inventors Develop Anastomoses Formation Method
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- A. Adam Sharkawy and Samuel Crews of Redwood City, Calif., J. Greg Stine of San Jose, Calif., David H. Cole of San Mateo, Calif., Calif., Darin C. Gittings of Sunnyvale, Calif., Adam Kessler of Fremont, Calif., and Mark J. Foley of Menlo Park, Calif., have developed ...
Indian Inventors Develop Substituted Dihydropyrimidinone Preparation Process
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Palaniappan Srinivasan, Vaidya J. Rao and Gangadasu Banda, all from Hyderabad, India, have developed a process for the preparation of a substituted dihydropyrimidinone using a polyaniline salt as a reusable catalyst. According to the U.S. Patent & ...
South Korean Inventors Develop Ornamental Design for Television
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Jun-Ho Yang and Baek-Ki Kim, both of Seoul, South Korea, have developed an ornamental design for a television, the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office announced. The inventors were issued U.S. Patent No. D544,849 on June 19. The patent has been assigned ...
Japanese Inventors Develop Quinazolin-4-One Production Process
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Shigeyoshi Nishino, Kenji Hirotsu, Hidetaka Shima, Takashi Harada and Hiroyuki Oda, all from Yamaguchi, Japan, have developed a process for producing quinazolin-4-one and derivatives thereof. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, the invention ...
Texas Inventors Develop Temperature Controlled Railway Car
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Shaun Richmond and Stephen W. Smith, both of Dallas, Christopher Crisafulli of Mansfield, Texas, Albert A. Beers of Duncanville, Texas, and Ricky A. Cribbs of Cedar Hill, Texas, have developeda railway car underframe with a floor assembly. According to the ...
West Virginia, Virginia Inventors Develop Flame-Retardant Compound
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- George Noll of Bunker Hill, W.Va., Anthony Corbin of Martinsburg, W.Va., Jividean Arbaugh of Wardnesville, W.Va., and Ewen A. Campbell of Winchester, Va., have developed a flame-retardant compound. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A ...
Michigan Inventors Develop Pontoon Boat
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Kevin L. Huff of Owosso, Mich., and Wayne W. Cortner of Fenton, Mich., have developed a pontoon boat that comprises a deck with first and second spaced-apart ends. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "An engine compartment cover for watercraft ...
Japanese Inventor Develops Voltage Regulator with Overcurrent Protection Circuit
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Yoshihide Kanakubo of Chiba, Japan, has developed a voltage regulator with overcurrent protection circuit. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "An overcurrent protection circuit for a voltage regulator has a first transistor having a gate for ...
British Inventors Develop (1-Carboxymethyl)-Pyrimidinone Compound Preparation Process
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Keith Raymond Mulholland of Harlow, Great Britain, Andrew R Ross of Irvine, Great Britain, Graham Ralph Slater of Stevenage, Great Britain, and Gillian Elizabeth Smith of Tonbridge, Great Britain, have developed a process for the preparation of certain pyrimidinone ...
California, Washington Inventors Develop Ornamental Design for Connector Plug, Receptacle Pair Portions
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Roy J. Askeland of Los Altos, Calif., and J. David Egner of Sammamish, Wash., developed an ornamental design for portions of a connector plug and receptacle pair, the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office announced. The inventors were issued U.S. Patent No ....
Illinois Inventors Develop Ornamental Design for Multi-Screen Television
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Josef Marz and Kathy Marz, both of Chicago, have developed an ornamental design for a multi-screen television, the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office announced. The inventors were issued U.S. Patent No. D544,848 on June 19. The original application was ...
Japanese Inventor Develops Ornamental Design for Light Emitting Diode
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Tomio Inoue of Kyoto, Japan, has developed an ornamental design for a light emitting diode, the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office announced. The inventor was issued U.S. Patent No. D544,847 on June 19. The patent has been assigned to Rohm Co. Ltd., ...
California Inventor Develops Slider-disk Interference Detection Integral Wear-pad
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Li-Yan Zhu of San Jose, Calif., has developed a slider-mounted transducer that has an integral wear pad for determining interference between the transducer and a disk surface. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The wear pad intensifies interference ...
Utah Inventors Develop Radiation Window Manufacture Method
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- D. Clark Turner of Payson, Utah, Keith W. Decker of Pleasant Grove, Utah, M. Christine Roberts of Herriman, Utah, and Robert N. Stillwell of Lindon, Utah, have developed a radiation window and a method of manufacture. According to the U.S. Patent & ...
Japanese Inventors Develop Amplitude Limiting Circuit
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Tadamasa Murakami Tokyo has developed an amplitude limiting circuit. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "An amplitude limiting value can be set to an intended value of a designer and the dependence of the amplitude limiting value on the ...
Japanese Inventor Develops Floppy Disk Control Circuit
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Seiji Takenaka of Kyoto, Japan, has developed a floppy disk control circuit that controls a spindle motor drive circuit that drives a spindle motor to rotate a floppy disk. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A floppy disk control circuit ...
California Inventors Develop Adenovirus-Based Gene Therapy
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Daniel J. Von Seggern of San Diego, and Glen R. Nemerow of Encinitas, Calif., have developed adenovirus-based gene therapy. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The present invention relates to methods for gene therapy, especially to ...
Texas Inventors Develops Comparator Circuit
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Marcus Marchesi Martins of Richardson, Texas has developed a comparator circuit for processing dual input voltages. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A differential input comparator circuit comprises an input stage comprising dual polarity ...
Japanese Inventors Develop Lens Moving Mechanism
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Ryoji Suemori of Aichi, Japan, and Ryosuke Tsuru of Tokyo, have developed a lens moving mechanism and an imaging apparatus. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, the invention relates to a "lens moving mechanism which includes a moving lens for ...
Arizona Inventors Develop Transconductance Circuit
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Stuart B. Shacter and Yinming Chen, both of Tucson, Ariz., have developed an apparatus and a method for transconductance stage with high current response to large signals. An abstract of the invention, released by the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, said: ...
California Inventors Develop Faster Modem Method
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Timothy L. Kelliher of Alameda, Calif., and P. Michael Farmwald of Portola Valley, Calif., have developed a faster modem apparatus which communicates with customer premise equipment according to a variety of communication protocols. According to the U.S ....
Idaho Inventor Develops Temperature Compensation Oscillator
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Feng Lin of Boise, Idaho, has developed a a circuit and a method of temperature compensation for refresh oscillator. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A memory device has refresh cycles to refresh memory cells of the memory device. The time ...
California Inventors Develop Data Recovery Circuit
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Laurence D. Lewicki of Sunnyvale, Calif., Amjad T. Obeidat of Santa Clara, Calif., Nicolas Nodenot of Mountain View, Calif., have developed a system and a method for providing a low jitter data receiver for serial links. According to the U.S. Patent & ...
Texas Inventor Develops Telephone User Interface Control Apparatus
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Larry B. Pearson of San Antonio, Texas, has developed a method and an apparatus for a telephone user interface control for enabling and disabling a web interface. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The present invention provides a method and ...
Texas, New York Inventors Develop Timing Skew Adjustment System
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Anand Haridass and Bao G. Truong, both of Austin, Texas, and Wiren Dale Becker of Hyde Park, N.Y., have developed a method for compensating for timing skew between differential data channels. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "Data busses ...
California Inventor Develops Caller Identifier Managing Method
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Eoin M. Canny of San Francisco has developed a method of managing caller identifiers that includes communicating calls at a communication device, where each call is associated with a caller identifier. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The ...
Illinois Inventors Develop Message Transmitting System
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Susanne Marie Crockett of Buffalo Grove, Ill., Thomas Joseph McBlain of Arlington Heights, Ill., John F. Ashley of Morris, Ill., Casandra A. Wallace of Olympia Fields, Ill., and Timothy Gabriel Cannon of Palatine, Ill., have developed a method and a system for ...
New York Inventors Develop Tuning Phase-Change Resistive Element
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Louis C. Hsu and Brian L. Ji, both of Fishkill, N.Y., and Chung Hon Lam of Peekskill, N.Y. have developed a method of programming an on-chip phase-change resistor to a target resistance. An abstract of the invention, released by the U.S. Patent & Trademark ...
California Inventors Develop Slider Loading Method
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Luis Franco of Gilroy, Calif., and Oscar Ruiz ond San Jose, Calif., have developed a method for loading a slider that eliminates the need for a dedicated landing zone at the outer diameter of a platter. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "In ...
German Inventor Develops X-Ray Computed Tomography Apparatus
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Sven Skaberna of Wiesenthau, Germany, has developed a computerized method for generating a schedule for implementing examination with an x-ray apparatus. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "In a method and a computer for generating a schedule ...
Colorado Inventors Develop Data Storage Device Temporary Utility Zone
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- David Rewerts of Longmont, Colo., Bruce Liikanen of Berthoud, Colo., and John VanLaanen of Louisville, Colo., have developed a method and an apparatus for providing a temporary utility zone in a disk drive. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: ...
California Inventor Develops Segmented Databus System
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Vasisht Mantra Vadi of San Jose, Calif., has developed a bidirectional register segmented data busing system. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "Bidirectional register segmented data busing and addressing for such busing is described. A ...
Illinois Inventors Develop Caller Identification System
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Rex Norman Bull of St. Charles, Ill., and James Thomas Maciejewski of Spring Grove, Ill., have developed a method and a system for providing enhanced call waiting and a caller identification. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "An efficient ...
Japanese Inventor Develops Preamplifier Circuit Functions Verifying Method
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Masao Kondou of Kawasaki, Japan, has developed a method of verifying preamplifier circuit functions, and magnetic record regeneration apparatus using the same. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "Disclosed is a preamplifier circuit of a ...
Chinese Inventors Develop Output Stage Interface Circuit
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Talee Yu and Hellen Cheng both of Shanghai, China, have developed an integrate circuit that comprises a first node with a first supply voltage level. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "Techniques to avoid crowbar current are provided. An ...
California Inventors Develop Hard Disk Drive Electric Potential Control Method
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Peter Michael Baumgart, Bernhard Knigge and Mathew Mate, all from San Jose, Calif., have developed a method for actively controlling electric potential at the head/disk interface of a magnetic recording disk drive. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark ...
Japanese Inventors Develop Amplifier Circuit
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Yoshie Kanamori, Hideki Takauchi and Hideki Ishida, all from Kawasaki, Japan, have developed a differential amplifier circuit capable of accurately amplifying even high-speeded signal of small amplitude. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A ...
Japanese Inventors Develop Servo Track Writing Device
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Tohru Harada, Taizan Kobayashi, Toshinori Kasuga, Yukio Ozaki, Eiji Takada, Hirofumi Ohsawa and Masanori Fukushi, all from Kawasaki, Japan, have developed a servo track writing device for recording a format pattern including a servo frame in a magnetic disc drive ...
Taiwanese Inventors Develop Reflective Color Wheel for Images Projection
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Po-Sung Kao and Te-Wei Liu, both of Tan-Tzu Hsiang, Taiwan, have developed a reflective color wheel that is capable of reducing losses in light energy to improve light utilization. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A reflective color wheel ...
MAINE LAW TO REDUCE SMALL BUSINESS REGULATORY BURDEN
Jun 21, 2007 ... The Small Business Administration issued the following statement: The State of Maine has taken steps to reduce the regulatory burden on small firms and to make information about rulemaking available to the public. Gov. John Baldacci signed LD 905, an act amending the Maine Administrative ...
SMALL TECHNOLOGY FIRMS RECEIVING CORPORATE VENTURE CAPITAL ARE MORE LIKELY TO EXPORT
Jun 21, 2007 ... The Small Business Administration issued the following statement: Small technology firms that receive corporate venture capital financing are more likely to be exporters, according to a study issued today by the Office of Advocacy of the U.S. Small Business Administration. "The ...
California Inventors Discover Novel Antibody
Jun 21, 2007 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., June 21 -- Audrey Goddard and J. Christopher Grimaldi, both of San Francisco, Paul J. Godowski and William I. Wood, both of Hillsborough, Calif., and Austin L. Gurney of Belmont, Calif., have discovered an identification and an isolation of novel deoxyribonucleic acid and to the ...