US Fed News Service, Including US State News back issues from Wednesday, May 7:
Canadian Inventor Develops Needleless Injector
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Karim Menassa of Quebec has developed an injector. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A needleless injector includes a barrel for receiving an injectable liquid, a nozzle closing one end of the barrel containing an injection orifice, and a ...
Rhode Island, New Hampshire Inventors Develop Positive Push Medical Valve with Internal Seal
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Brian L. Newton of Woonsocket, R.I., and Andrew L. Cote Sr. of Merrimack, N.H., have developed a medical valve. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A medical valve having an open mode to permit fluid flow and a closed mode to prevent fluid flow ...
Tennessee Inventor Develops Reinforced Medical Probe Cover
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Clifford Eugene Gammons of Loudon, Tenn., has developed a probe cover. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A cover adapted to be received on the distal end of a medical probe or instrument such as an endoscope in such a manner as to not require ...
California Inventor Develops Fluorinated, Hydrophilic Monomer Polymers
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Stephen Dirk Pacetti of San Jose, Calif., has developed monomer polymers. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A polymer blend that contains a polymer of fluorinated monomers and another biocompatible polymer. The polymer blend can form a ...
Utah Inventor Develops Specially Designed Syringe
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Dan J. Bills of Salt Lake City has developed a designed syringe. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "An apparatus and method for delivering a granular or powdered material, e.g., a bone growth promoting material. The inventive syringe apparatus ...
Australian Inventor Develops Aspiration Flow Modulation Device
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Graham David Barrett of Western Australia, Australia, has developed a modulator. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, the invention relates to an "aspiration flow modulation device having an irrigation line component and an aspiration line ...
Minnesota Inventor Develops Disposable Outlet Patient Flow Line
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Allan P. Bakke of Rochester, Minn., has developed a flow line. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A disposable outlet patient flow line for in-line blood/fluid warmer devices uses both passive insulation and active warming to deliver ...
French Inventors Develop Needleless Syringe
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Patrick Alexandre of Gray, France, Patrick Cognot of Le Mee sur Seine, France, Joel Lafforgue of Itteville, France, and Denis Roller of La Ferte Alais, France, have developed a syringe functioning method. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The ...
Swiss Inventors Develop Active Agent Container
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Edgar Hommann of Grossaffoltern, Switzerland, and Benjamin Scherer of Uster, Switzerland, have developed an auto-injector. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "In an elongated casing, an active agent container connected to an injection needle ...
California Inventor Develops Blood Collection Device Safety System
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Don Millerd of San Diego has developed a safety system. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A system includes a needle for aspirating fluid. A holder supports the needle and a guard is moveable to selectively cover the needle. Initially, a ...
California, Massachusetts Inventors Develop Substances Delivery Device
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Joshua Makower of Los Altos, Calif., Theodore C. Lamson of Pleasanton, Calif., John A. Reggie of Palo Alto, Calif., John Y. Chang of Mountain View, Calif., Joseph Catanese III of San Leandro, Calif., David R. Tholfsen of San Francisco, and J. Christopher Flaherty of ...
California Inventors Develop Small Piezoelectric Air Pumps with Unobstructed Airflow
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Irving S. Scher of Oakland, Calif., and Peter Varadi of Albany, Calif., have developed ccooling of electronic components. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A T-shaped blade, or one or more hollow tubes, are vibrationally excited by one or ...
California, Pennsylvania Inventors Develop Herniations Electrosurgical Prevention Method
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- David C. Hovda of Mountain View, Calif., Brian Martini of Menlo Park, Calif., Maria Ellsberry of Fremont, Calif., and Lewis Sharps of Bryn Mawr, Pa., have developed a herniations prevention system. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The ...
Japanese Inventors Develop Monolithic Piezoelectric Element
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Toshio Nishimura of Yasu, Japan, has developed a piezoelectric element. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "Provided is a piezoelectric element including a monolithic piezoelectric substrate that can prevent not only migration between internal ...
California Inventor Develops Cryoablation Device
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Eric Ryba of San Bruno, Calif., has developed a cryoablation device. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A cryoablation device having a temperature control system includes an elongated catheter tube that has a central lumen and is formed with a ...
California Inventors Develop Target Environmental Variable Detection Apparatus
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Richard C. Ruby of Menlo Park, Calif., Graham M. Flower of San Jose, Calif., John D. Larson, III of Palo Alto, Calif., and Mark A. Unkrich of Emerald Hills, Calif., have developed a method for detecting a target environmental variable. According to the U.S ....
Japanese Inventors Develop Piezoelectric, Electrostrictive Device
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Yukihisa Takeuchi of Nishikamo-Gun, Japan, Kazuyoshi Shibata of Mizunami, Japan, and Masahiko Namerikawa of Seto, Japan, have developed a piezoelectric/electrostrictive element. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A ...
Japanese Inventors Develop High-Performance Filter Circuit Realizing Technique
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Kunihiko Nakamura of Kanagawa, Japan, and Hideki Kawakatsu of Tokyo, have developed a torsion resonator. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The invention provides a high-frequency torsion vibrator which can excite efficiently without having ...
Japanese Inventors Develop Electronic Scanning Ultrasonic Diagnostic Apparatus
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Toshiro Kondo of Sanuki, Japan, and Takaya Osawa of Saitama, Japan, have developed an ultrasound diagnostic apparatus. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "An ultrasound probe obtained by arranging, on a backing, a plurality of transducers each ...
Massachusetts Inventors Develop Phototherapeutic Wave Guide Apparatus
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Norman E. Farr of Monument Beach, Mass., and William E. Wieler of Pocasset, Mass., have developed a wave guide apparatus. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "Methods and apparatus are disclosed for forming annular lesions in tissue. The methods ...
Virginia Inventor Develops Recovery System for Self Deployed Multi-Function Imaging Sensor
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Harry N. Hambric of Fredericksburg, Va., has developed a multi-function imaging sensor. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The invention enables the routine remote deployment of multi-function sensors from unmanned air ground platforms, such ...
Japanese Inventors Develop Inkjet Printing Recording Sheet Formation Composition
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Nishikawa Takehiko and Hirota Koichi, both of Saitama, Japan, have developed an inkjet printing receiving layer. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A composition for forming a receiving layer for inkjet printing is provided. The composition, ...
Japanese Inventor Develops Piezoelectric Actuator Manufacturing Method
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Hiroto Sugahara of Aichi-ken, Japan, has developed a piezoelectric actuator. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A piezoelectric actuator includes a supporting member in which pressure chambers are formed, a vibration plate which is joined to a ...
Taiwanese Inventors Develop Bracket Positioning Structure for Slide
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Shun-Ho Yang, Shih-Long Hwang and Chun-Chiang Wang, all from Kaohsiung Hsien, Taiwan, have developed a slide positioning structure. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A bracket positioning structure for a slide includes a bracket having an end ...
Japanese Inventor Develops Brush Device for Rotary Electric Machine
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Harumi Kume of Chita-gun, Japan, has developed a brush holder. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A brush device assembled in a vehicular alternator is composed mainly of a pair of brushes, a pair of springs, and a brush holder. The brush ...
Pennsylvania Inventor Develops Permanent Magnet Rotor Lamination Stack Compressing Method
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Kevin Lee Tapper of Greensburg, Pa., have developed a permanent magnet rotor. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The present invention is a method of compressing lamination stacks for a permanent magnet rotor. The method includes the steps of ...
Belgian Inventors Develop Heat Sealable Multilayer Packaging Film
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Tony Malfait of Rollegem-Kapelle, Belgium, Patrick Rosseau of Grimbergen, Belgium, Erik Bogels of Lanaken, Belgium, and Luc Veys of Ghent, Belgium, have developed a multilayer peelable packaging film. According to a description of the invention, released by the ...
Ohio, Maryland Inventors Develop Support Device for Displaying Items
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Trevor Jackson of Kirtland, Ohio, and Gary Fick of Severna Park, Md., have developed an item mounting device. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "Support devices are adapted for use to releasably attach mounting items to structures constructed ...
Washington Inventor Develops Aircraft Door Hinge Assembly
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Michael T. Mortland of Everett, Wash., has developed an aircraft door hinge assembly. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A hinge assembly for attaching a door structure to an aircraft fuselage is provided. The door structure is linked to the ...
Japanese Inventors Develop Piezoelectric Actuator utilizing Piezoelectric Elements
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Hiroaki Asano of Yokkaichi, Japan, and Shinichi Okamoto of Kariya, Japan, have developed a piezoelectric actuator. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The present invention provides a piezoelectric actuator with excellent durability. In the ...
Wisconsin, Minnesota Inventors Develop Extendable/Retractable Support Column
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Mark Colman of Hudson, Wis., and John Norris of Columbia Heights, Minn., have developed a retractable support column. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "An extendable and retractable column which is formed from at least three linked sections ....
Wisconsin Inventors Develop Sports Pole Mounting Structure
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Ronald White of North Prairie, Wis., and Jeff Breitzman of Sussex, Wis., have developed an in-ground system for supporting a sports pole. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A sports pole mounting structure for supporting sports equipment in a ...
Japanese Inventors Develop Magnet Rotary Motor Pole Arc Ratio Determination Method
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Toshihito Miyashita and Satoru Onodera, both of Tokyo, have developed an interior permanent magnet rotary motor. According to a description of the invention, released by the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The present invention relates to a method of ...
Japanese Inventor Develops Protective Film Formation Method
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Naruhisa Nagata of Matsumoto, Japan, has developed a magnetic recording medium. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A method of forming a protective film that restrains gas adsorption while preserving durability and corrosion resistance of a ...
Japanese Inventor Develops Pilot-Type Two-Port Valve for Liquid Flow Path
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Bunya Hayashi, Shinji Miyazoe and Shinichi Yoshimura, all from Tsukubamirai, Japan, have developed a pilot-type two-port valve. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A two-port valve includes a valve part configured to open and close a valve seat ...
British Inventor Develops Aircraft Control System
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Alessandro Riccardo Britannico Giazotto of Bristol, Great Britain, has developed a suppression mode for aircraft control system. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "An aircraft control system operates during landing to suppress normal modes of ...
Japanese Inventors Develop Novel Layer Structure Optical Laminate
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Toshihide Murakami and Kohei Arakawa, both of Tokyo, have developed a long size optical laminate. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "Provided are: a long optical laminate prepared by laminating two obliquely stretched long phase-difference ...
French, German Inventors Develop Actuator Electrical Control Method
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Eric Chemisky of Lauterbourg, France, and Walter Schrod of Regensburg, Germany, have developed an actuator control method. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A method for the electric control of an actuator, especially a piezoelectric actuator ...
New Jersey, Pennsylvania Inventors Develop Steering System for Geosynchronous Earth Orbit Spacecraft
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Neil E. Goodzeit of Princeton, N.J., and David Brown of Upper Makefield, Pa., have developed a geosynchronous earth orbit spacecraft steering system. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A system for providing attitude and antenna steering for a ...
Massachusetts, Rhode Island Inventors Develop Electrostatic Flocking Fiber Density Increment Method
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Russell R. Bessette of Mattapoisett, Mass., Louis G. Carreiro of Westport, Mass., Yong K. Kim of Dartmouth, Mass., Thomas M. Arruda of Quincy, Mass., Craig M. Deschenes of Somerset, Mass., and Charles J. Patrissi of Newport, R.I., have developed a fibrous structure ...
Japanese Inventors Develop Rotary Electric Machine Abrasion Limit Detection Control Apparatus
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Yoshihito Itou and Toshiaki Kashihara, both of Tokyo, have developed a rotary electric machine. An abstract of the invention, released by the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, said: "The present invention provides an automotive rotary electric machine enabling ...
Taiwanese Inventor Develops Detent Apparatus for Water Temperature Regulation
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Jan Sun Chen of Taipei City, Taiwan, has developed a water temperature regulation apparatus. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A detent apparatus for water temperature regulation of induction faucets includes a mixer located in a faucet and a ...
Washington Inventors Develop Aircraft Leading Edge Device Systems
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Douglas S. Lacy of Bothell, Wash., and Greg H. Wyatt of Kent, Wash., have developed a leading edge device arrangement for aircraft system. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "Aircraft leading edge device systems and methods for sizing such ...
California Inventors Develop Granular Perpendicular Magnetic Recording Media Fabrication Method
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Rajiv Ranjan of San Jose, Calif., and Thomas Patrick Nolan of Fremont, Calif., have developed a granular perpendicular magnetic recording media. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, the invention relates to a "granular perpendicular magnetic ...
British Inventor Develops Aircraft Structure
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Michael Peter Stephens of Thornbury, Great Britain, has developed a method for manufacturing aircraft structural element. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A structure for use on an aircraft and a method of manufacturing said structure. The ...
Japanese Inventors Develop Combined Valve for Fluid Flow Control System
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Hideyuki Takeda, Takahisa Toho and Yasushi Hirako, alll from Komaki, Japan, have developed a valve for controlling fluid flow. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: " combined valve is constructed by integrating a manual valve operating as a ...
Missouri Inventor Develops Medical Devices Lubricant
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Gregory Alan Steube of St. Charles, Mo., has developed a medical devices lubricant. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The invention relates to a lubricant for medical devices. The inventive lubricant uses silicone epoxy and vinyl ether that ...
Japanese Inventors Develop Surface Mount Type Piezoelectric Vibrator
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Kiyoshi Aratake and Keiji Sato, both of Chiba, Japan, have developed a piezoelectric vibrator. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A surface mount type piezoelectric vibrator comprises a piezoelectric vibrator piece having an electrode, an ...
Michigan Inventors Develop Electronic Code Following Relay for Railroad Signaling System
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Thomas W. Yerge of Iron Mountain, Mich., and Steven P. Lynch of St. Clair Shores, Mich., have developed a railroad signaling system. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "An electronic code following relay for use in a railroad signaling system ...
New Hampshire Inventor Develops Rain Gutter Swivel Support
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Raymond Staggs of Enfield, N.H., has developed a support devices for rain gutter. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A rain gutter swivel support is provided. A gutter retaining portion has a proximate portion having a first portion of a first ...
Japanese Inventor Develops Dynamoelectric Rotor for Automotive Alternator
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Shinji Nishimura of Tokyo has developed a dynamoelectric rotor. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A field coil is housed inside a coil housing space of a pole core, and an annular body that is made of an insulating resin is fixed to a portion ...
California Inventor Develops High Frequency Electric Motor
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Ramon A. Caamano of Gilroy, Calif., have developed an electric generator. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A device such as an electric motor, an electric generator, and a regenerative electric motor includes at least one independent ...
Washington Inventor Develops Fuel Tank Systems for Aircraft
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Mark E. Howe of Mukilteo, Wash., has developed an aircraft fuel tank system. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "Auxiliary fuel tank systems for aircraft and methods for their manufacture and use. In one embodiment, an aircraft can include a ...
Washington Inventor Develops Ultrasound Transducer for Thermal Survival
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Gregg W. Frey of Issaquah, Wash., have developed a backing block for thermal survival. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "Backing blocks, transducer arrays and methods are provided for thermal cycle survivability. By decoupling a portion of ...
Pennsylvania Inventors Develops Bathroom Wipes Container Holder
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Anthony Rogers of Holland, Pa., has developed a bathroom accessory. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A bathroom accessory adapted to connect with a bathroom tissue roll trunnion and support a container of wipes is disclosed. The bathroom ...
Indiana, Illinois Inventors Develop Porous Wet Friction Material
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Samuel Truncone and Wenping Zhao, both of Crawfordsville, Ind., Laurie Bowles of Lafayette, Ind., and Wayne D. Woodson of Georgetown, Ill., have developed a porous wet friction material. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A wet friction ...
Kansas Inventor Develops Linear Shock Wave Absorber
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Eric T. Schmidt of Wichita, Kan., has developed a shock wave absorber. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A linear cavity is provided on the leading edge of an object that is subject to the flow of liquids or gasses, where said cavity ...
Ohio Inventors Develop Lighter-Than-Air Vehicles Flexible Laminate Material
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Charles K. Lavan of Medina, Ohio, and Donald J. Kelly of Akron, Ohio, have developed a vehicle flexible laminate material. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A laminate material for lighter-than-air vehicles includes a liquid crystal polymer ...
Washington Inventors Develop Air Vehicle Assembly
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Thomas E. Speer of Des Moines, Wash., and Richard D. Jones of Issaquah, Wash., have developed a control system for air vehicle. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "An air vehicle assembly and a corresponding method for launching an air vehicle ...
Japanese Inventors Develop Internal Combustion Engine Vibration Absorbtion Damper
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Seiichi Tagawa and Mikihito Ogawa, both of Ageo, Japan, have developed a torsional damper. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A fitting type damper and a process thereof being capable of increasing largely slipping torque in strength are ones ...
Japanese Inventors Develop Optical Phase Retardation Film
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Koichi Saito of Kawagoe, Japan, Kunio Shimizu of Otsuki, Japan, and Isamu Michihata of Machida, Japan, have developed a retardation film for display device. According to a description of the invention, released by the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The ...
Massachusetts, Connecticut Inventors Develop Fluid Suspended Material Transportation System
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Daniel P. Smith of Spencer, Mass., Craig A. Penterson of Sutton, Mass., and Richard N. DuVerger of Danielson, Conn., have developed a split fan wheel manufacturing system. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "Devices and systems for transporting ...
New Jersey, New York Inventors Develop Metallic Glass-Coated Wire
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Howard H. Liebermann of Succasunna, N.J., James E. O'Keefe Jr. of Westwood, N.J., and William C. LaCourse of Alfred, N.Y., have developed a glass-coated metallic wire. An abstract of the invention, released by the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, said: "A ...
Japanese Inventor Develops Tape Reel
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Morimasa Sasaki of Tokyo, has developed a magnetic tape. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "An information medium includes: a tape reel around which a magnetic tape is wound; a case body that encloses the tape reel; a lid, including a support ...
Maryland Inventor Develops Cutting System for Material
May 07, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., May 7 -- Charles A. Castronovo of Timonium, Md., has developed a material shredding system. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "True zero-clearance cutting on a commercial scale is provided via a cutting area including a sacrifice material that is ...