US Fed News Service, Including US State News back issues from Monday, August 25:
ArcSight Wins $30,850 Contract
Aug 25, 2008 ... FORT DIX, N.J., Aug. 25 -- The U.S. Army has awarded a $30,850 contract to ArcSight Inc., Cupertino, Calif., for information technology services, including telecommunications services. The contract was awarded by the U.S. Army Contracting Agency, Fort Dix, N.J. For more ...
Government Supply Line Wins $4,379 Contract
Aug 25, 2008 ... FORT DRUM, N.Y., Aug. 25 -- The U.S. Army has awarded a $4,379 contract to Government Supply Line, Oviedo, Fla., for touch screens. The contract was awarded by the U.S. Army Contracting Agency, Fort Drum, N.Y. For more information about US ...
U.S. Army Awards $1.42 Million Contract to Hurronsbury
Aug 25, 2008 ... BAGRAM, Afghanistan, Aug. 25 -- The U.S. Army has awarded a $1.42 million contract to Hurronsbury Ltd., Channel Islands, Great Britain, for oil fired water heaters. The contract was awarded by the U.S. Army Contracting Agency, Bagram, Afghanistan. For ...
United Procurement Wins $613,466 Contract
Aug 25, 2008 ... FORT IRWIN, Calif., Aug. 25 -- The U.S. Army has awarded a $613,466 contract to United Procurement, Desoto, Texas, for steel containers. The contract was awarded the U.S. Army Contracting Agency, Fort ...
Swiss Technology Wins $43,120 Contract
Aug 25, 2008 ... ROCK ISLAND, Ill., Aug. 25 -- The U.S. Army has awarded a $43,120 contract to Swiss Technology Inc., Clifton, N.J., for guns through 30 mm. The contract was awarded by the U.S. Army Tank-Automotive & Armaments Command, Rock Island, Ill. For more information about US Fed News ...
Southern Tank & Manufacturing Wins $48,078 Contract
Aug 25, 2008 ... FORT KNOX, Ky., Aug. 25 -- The U.S. Army has awarded a $48,078 contract to Southern Tank & Manufacturing Co. Inc., Owensboro, Ky., for fuel storage tanks. The contract was awarded by the U.S. Army Contracting Agency, Fort Knox, Ky. For more information ...
SDV Solutions Wins $17,824 Contract
Aug 25, 2008 ... FORT CARSON, Colo., Aug. 25 -- The U.S. Army has awarded a $17,824 contract to SDV Solutions Inc., Williamsburg, Va., for office electronics. The contract was awarded by the U.S. Army Contracting Agency, Fort Carson, Colo. For more information about ...
Archer Western Contractors Awarded Army Contract
Aug 25, 2008 ... FORT WORTH, Texas, Aug. 25 -- Archer Western Contractors, Atlanta, has been awarded a contract from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Fort Worth, Texas, for construction of structures and facilities. No contract amount was specified ($0). For more information ...
VJ Engineering Wins $29,650 Contract
Aug 25, 2008 ... ROCK ISLAND, Ill., Aug. 25 -- The U.S. Army has awarded a $29,650 contract to VJ Engineering, Garden Grove, Calif., for guns through 30mm. The contract was awarded by the U.S. Army Tank-Automotive & Armaments Command, Rock Island, Ill. For more information about US Fed News ...
National Guard Bureau Seeks Upgradation Services
Aug 25, 2008 ... DRAPER, Utah, Aug. 25 -- The U.S. Army's National Guard Bureau said it was soliciting services for the upgradation of two audio/visual systems.The NAICS code for this requirement is 423690 with the size standard of 100 employees. This acquisition is a 100 percent small business set-aside.All ...
Precision Grinding & Manufacturing Wins $1.01 Million Contract
Aug 25, 2008 ... ROCK ISLAND, Ill., Aug. 25 -- The U.S. Army has awarded a $1.01 million contract to Precision Grinding & Manufacturing Corp., Rochester, N.Y., for guns through 30 mm. The contract was awarded by the U.S. Army Tank-Automotive & Armaments Command, Rock Island, Ill. For more ...
Promaxima Manufacturing Wins $26,999 Contract
Aug 25, 2008 ... FORT SILL, Okla., Aug. 25 -- The U.S. Army has awarded a $26,999 contract to Promaxima Manufacturing Ltd., Houston, for gym equipment. The contract was awarded by the U.S. Army Contracting Agency, Fort Sill, Okla. For more information about US Fed ...
U.S. Army Medical Command Seeks Reagents
Aug 25, 2008 ... FORT SAM HOUSTON, Texas, Aug. 25 -- The U.S. Army Medical Command said it was looking to buy 3%-0.8% surgiscreen, 3%-0.8% affirmagen, 3% ortho A2 cells, ortho coombs cells, 0.8% resolve panel A and B, 0.8% selectogen, ortho confidence system to be delivered to Darnell Army Medical Center, Fort ...
Prestolite Electric Wins $179,275 Contract
Aug 25, 2008 ... WARREN, Mich., Aug. 25 -- The U.S. Army has awarded a $179,275 contract to Prestolite Electric Inc., Plymouth, Mich., for non aircraft engine electrical system components. The contract was awarded by the U.S. Army Tank-Automotive & Armaments Command, Warren, Mich. For more ...
Terry Contracting & Materials Wins $2.64 Million Contract
Aug 25, 2008 ... NEW YORK, Aug. 25 -- The U.S. Army has awarded a $2.64 million contract to Terry Contracting & Materials Inc., Riverhead, N.Y., for construction of structures and facilities. The contract was awarded by the U. S. Army Engineer District, New York. This contract was set aside for total ...
Aircraft Braking Systems Wins $590,944 Contract
Aug 25, 2008 ... PHILADELPHIA, Aug. 25 -- The U.S. Navy has awarded a $590,944 contract to Aircraft Braking Systems Corp., Akron, Ohio, for rotor brake. The contract was awarded by the Naval Inventory Control Point, Philadelphia. For more information about US Fed ...
National Guard Bureau Seeks Vehicular Equipment Components
Aug 25, 2008 ... ALPENA, Mich., Aug. 25 -- The U.S. Army's National Guard Bureau said it had a requirement for the purchase and installation of snow plow for medium duty truck.The NAICS code for this requirement is 441310.All request for quotations are due by Sept. 4.The solicitation (No. W912JB-08-T-9010) was ...
DRS Test & Energy Management Wins $239,471 Contract
Aug 25, 2008 ... ROCK ISLAND, Ill., Aug. 25 -- The U.S. Army has awarded a $239,471 contract to DRS Test & Energy Management Inc., Huntsville, Ala., for motor vehicular maintenance and repair shop specialized equipment. The contract was awarded by the U.S. Army Tank-Automotive & Armaments ...
Magnum Products Wins $25,849 Contract
Aug 25, 2008 ... FORT GEORGE G. MEADE, Md., Aug. 25 -- The U.S. Army has awarded a $25,849 contract to Magnum Products LLC, Berlin, Wis., for magnum light towers advertised as brand name or equal. The contract was awarded by the U.S. Army Contracting Agency, Fort George G. Meade, Md. For more ...
Gerstel Wins $61,343 Contract
Aug 25, 2008 ... ROCK ISLAND, Ill., Aug. 25 -- The U.S. Army has awarded a $61,343 contract to Gerstel Inc., Linthicum, Md., for laboratory equipment and supplies. The contract was awarded by the U.S. Army Tank-Automotive & Armaments Command, Rock Island, Ill. For more information about US ...
Oshkosh Wins $94,991 Contract
Aug 25, 2008 ... WARREN, Mich., Aug. 25 -- The U.S. Army has awarded a $94,991 contract to Oshkosh Corp., Oshkosh, Wis., for non aircraft engine electrical system components. The contract was awarded by the U.S. Army Tank-Automotive & Armaments Command, Warren, Mich. For more information ...
Science & Engineering Services Wins $56,585 Contract
Aug 25, 2008 ... ROCK ISLAND, Ill., Aug. 25 -- The U.S. Army has awarded a $56,585 contract to Science & Engineering Services Inc., Huntsville, Ala., for modification of equipment. The contract was awarded by the U.S. Army Sustainment Command, Rock Island, Ill. For more information about US ...
U.S. Navy Awards $90,749 Contract to Okinawa Mazda Hanbai
Aug 25, 2008 ... OKINAWA, Japan, Aug. 25 -- The U.S. Navy has awarded a $90,749 contract to Okinawa Mazda Hanbai Co. Ltd., Okinawa, Japan, for miscellaneous. The contract was awarded by the Naval Facilities Engineering ...
National Guard Bureau Seeks Fire Fighting, Rescue, Safety Equipment
Aug 25, 2008 ... DRAPER, Utah, Aug. 25 -- The U.S. Army's National Guard Bureau said it was looking to buy fire fighting brush trucks to be delivered to Camp W.G. Williams, Riverton, Utah.All request for quotations are due by Sept. 8.The solicitation (No. W90M8N-8198-0001) was posted on Aug. 19 and is available ...
Science & Engineering Services Wins $35,000 Contract
Aug 25, 2008 ... ROCK ISLAND, Ill., Aug. 25 -- The U.S. Army has awarded a $35,000 contract to Science & Engineering Services Inc., Huntsville, Ala., for modification of equipment. The contract was awarded by the U.S. Army Sustainment Command, Rock Island, Ill. For more information about US ...
S.C. Jones Services Wins $1.55 Million Contract
Aug 25, 2008 ... NORFOLK, Va., Aug. 25 -- The U.S. Army has awarded a $1.55 million contract to S.C. Jones Services Inc., Dillwyn, Va., for utilities and housekeeping services. The contract was awarded by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Norfolk, Va. For more information about US ...
Kipper Tool Wins $55,869 Contract
Aug 25, 2008 ... ROCK ISLAND, Ill., Aug. 25 -- The U.S. Army has awarded a $55,869 contract to Kipper Tool Co., Gainesville, Ga., for sets, kits, and outfits of hand tools. The contract was awarded by the U.S. Army Tank-Automotive & Armaments Command, Rock Island, Ill. For more information ...
Nationwide Supplies Wins $10,815 Contract
Aug 25, 2008 ... FORT DRUM, N.Y., Aug. 25 -- The U.S. Army has awarded a $10,815 contract to Nationwide Supplies LP, Garland, Texas, for trackless flail mower. The contract was awarded by the U.S. Army Contracting Agency, Fort Drum, N.Y. For more information about ...
DRS Sustainment Systems Wins $817,667 Contract
Aug 25, 2008 ... ROCK ISLAND, Ill., Aug. 25 -- The U.S. Army has awarded a $817,667 contract to DRS Sustainment Systems Inc., St. Louis, for electrical and electric boards, cards and associated hardware. The contract was awarded by the U.S. Army Tank-Automotive & Armaments Command, Rock Island, ...
Prestolite Electric Wins $213,595 Contract
Aug 25, 2008 ... WARREN, Mich., Aug. 25 -- The U.S. Army has awarded a $213,595 contract to Prestolite Electric Inc., Plymouth, Mich., for electrical generators and generator sets. The contract was awarded by the U.S. Army Tank-Automotive & Armaments Command, Warren, Mich. For more ...
Bell Boeing Joint Project Office Wins $319,694 Contract
Aug 25, 2008 ... PHILADELPHIA, Aug. 25 -- The U.S. Navy has awarded a $319,694 contract to Bell Boeing Joint Project Office, Amarillo, Texas, for aircraft components and accessories. The contract was awarded by the Naval Inventory Control Point, Philadelphia. For more ...
Illinois Inventors Develop Water Resistant Fiberboard
Aug 25, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Aug. 25 -- David Paul Miller of Lindenhurst, Ill., and Srinivas Veeramasuneni of Round Lake, Ill., have developed a fiberboard with improved water resistance. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "Articles, including fiberboard, are made from a pumpable, ...
German Inventor Develops Circuit Configuration, Operational Amplifier
Aug 25, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Aug. 25 -- Thomas Blon of Jengen, Germany, has developed a fully-differential operational amplifier. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The present invention relates to a circuit configuration having a feedback operational amplifier, which is ...
Massachusetts Inventors Develop Turbine Airfoils
Aug 25, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Aug. 25 -- Matthew Taylor Lewis of Maiden, Mass., Nigel Brian Thomas Langley of Danvers, Mass., and Raafat Kammel of Peabody, Mass., have developed a turbine airfoil with weight reduction plenum. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "An airfoil for a gas ...
Massachusetts, Rhode Island Inventors Develop Electromagnetic Bus Coupling Strength Controlling System
Aug 25, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Aug. 25 -- Thomas D. Simon of Marlborough, Mass., John R. Benham of Westborough, Mass., and Rajeevan Amirtharajah of Providence, R.I., have developed an electromagnetic coupler strength controller. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A controller sends ...
British Inventor Develops Radio Frequency Identification Test System
Aug 25, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Aug. 25 -- Ian J. Forster of Chelmsford, Great Britain, has developed a method of classifying radio frequency identification (RFID). According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "Systems and methods are disclosed herein to provide RFID test techniques. For ...
New Zealand Inventors Develop Output Signal Production Control Loop
Aug 25, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Aug. 25 -- William Mark Siddall of Christchurch, New Zealand, has developed a signal frequency generator. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A control loop for producing an output signal with a stable nominal frequency is provided. The control loop ...
Japanese Inventor Develops Throw-Away Tip, Cutting Tool
Aug 25, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Aug. 25 -- Takashi Tokunaga of Sendai, Japan, has developed a throw-away tip made of cermet. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The throw-away tip has a shape of substantially flat plate, comprising from 1 to 30% by weight of binder phase comprising at ...
German Inventors Develop Insertable Calibration Device
Aug 25, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Aug. 25 -- Bjorn Flach, Andreas Logisch, Monica De Castro Martins and Martin Schnell, all from Munich, Germany, and Wolfgang Ruf of Friedberg, Germany, have developed a programmable tester apparatus. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "An insertable ...
Tennessee, New Jersey, Alabama Inventors Develop Gas Separation Apparatus
Aug 25, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Aug. 25 -- Ralph F. Altman of Chattanooga, Tenn., Robert N. Guenther Jr. of Bordentown, N.J., and Grady B. Nichols of Montevallo, Ala., have developed a polarity reversing circuit. An abstract of the invention, released by the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, said: "A ...
Taiwanese Inventors Develop Wafer-Level Test Module
Aug 25, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Aug. 25 -- Sheng-Feng Lu and Wei-Hua Lee, both of Hsin-Chu, Taiwan, have developed an optical layer. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A wafer-level test module is disclosed to include a base layer having multiple first apertures spaced from one ...
California Inventor Develops Radio Frequency Transmission Intruder Detection System
Aug 25, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Aug. 25 -- Lawrence Kates of Corona Del Mar, Calif., has developed a method of detecting intruder. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, the invention relates to "systems and methods for detecting presence and movement of intruders. Various embodiments of ...
Florida Inventor Develops Replaceable Spoiler
Aug 25, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Aug. 25 -- Samuel B Tafoya of Bradenton, Fla., has developed a vibration-reducing and noise-reducing spoiler for helicopter rotors. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A spoiler attached to helicopter main rotor blades, tail rotor blades, propellers, ...
Japanese Inventor Develops Audio System Gain Amplifier Circuit
Aug 25, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Aug. 25 -- Takuma Ishida of Osaka, Japan, has developed a variable gain amplifier controlling circuit. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "An automatic gain control circuit includes: a variable gain amplifier circuit having a gain controlled with a gain ...
Minnesota Inventors Develop Linear Hearth Furnace System
Aug 25, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Aug. 25 -- Rodney L. Bleifuss of Grand Rapids, Minn., David J. Englund of Bovey, Minn., and Richard F. Kiesel of Hibbing, Minn., have developed a linear hearth furnace method. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "Systems and methods for use in processing ...
British Inventor Develops Kaolin Products
Aug 25, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Aug. 25 -- Marielle Lorusso of St. Austell, Great Britain, has developed particulate kaolin products. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The present invention relates to a particulate kaolin suitable for use as a filler material in compositions for ...
Illinois Inventors Develop Three-Phase Power Device
Aug 25, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Aug. 25 -- Patrick A. O'Gorman of Grayslake, Ill., and Scott W. Repplinger of Lake Zurich, Ill., have developed a single current sensor. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "While a pulse width modulation-controlled, field-effect transistor ...
California Inventors Develop Directional Power Detection Method
Aug 25, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Aug. 25 -- Cuong Nguyen and Roland Matian, both of San Jose, Calif., and Yen-Fang Chao of Pleasanton, Calif., have developed a device for power detection. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "Power measurement and control in transmission systems are ...
California Inventor Develops Mold Manufacturing Method
Aug 25, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Aug. 25 -- Charles Leu of Fremont, Calif., has developed a method for manufacturing mold. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The present invention discloses a mold and a method of manufacturing the mold. The mold includes a mold matrix and a number of ...
Hungarian Inventors Develop Opaque Silvery Coating Manufacture Composition
Aug 25, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Aug. 25 -- Istvan Mudra of Vac, Hungary, and Peter Szemere of Budapest, Hungary, have developed a method for manufacturing an opaque silvery coating. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A composition for the manufacture of an opaque silvery coating on a ...
Japanese Inventors Develop Polysilicon Film Production Process
Aug 25, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Aug. 25 -- Kazuo Takeda of Tokorozawa, Japan, Masakazu Saito of Mobara, Japan, Yukio Takasaki of Kawasaki, Japan, Hironobu Abe of Chiba, Japan, Makoto Ohkura of Fuchu, Japan, Yoshinobu Kimura of Tokyo, and Takeo Shiba of Kodaira, Japan, have developed a process for producing ...
Tennessee Inventors Develop Ceiling Fan Blade
Aug 25, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Aug. 25 -- Nabil Shahin and Edwin T. Koehler, both of Cordova, Tenn., have developed an electrically powered ceiling fan blade. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A ceiling fan blade is disclosed that is twisted rather than flat and has a graduated ...
Japanese Inventor Develops Silicon Single Crystal Manufacturing Method
Aug 25, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Aug. 25 -- Jun Furukawa of Tokyo has developed a defect-free silicon single crystal ingot. An abstract of the invention, released by the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office, said: "By pulling up an ingot in consideration of deformation of a crucible, generation of the ...
Maine Inventor Develops Bipolar High Output Current Buffer
Aug 25, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Aug. 25 -- Steven O. Smith of Brownfield, Maine, has developed a high output current buffer. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A bipolar high output current buffer is disclosed using a negative feedback current mirror to supply the base drive to an ...
Massachusetts Inventors Develop Purified Liquids, Vapors Production Apparatus
Aug 25, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Aug. 25 -- Wilhelm P. Platow of Somerville, Mass., John B. Cracchiolo of Gloucester, Mass., Stanislav S. Todorov of Topsfield, Mass., and Jaime M. Reyes of Beverly, Mass., have developed a method for producing purified vapors. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark ...
German Inventors Develop Pearlescent Pigments with Platelet-Shaped Substrate
Aug 25, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Aug. 25 -- Frank Henglein of Nuremberg, Germany, Ulrich Schmidt of Hersbruck, Germany, Peter Kruger of Schnaittach, Germany, and Gunter Kaupp of Neuhaus, Germany, have developed coated pearlescent pigments. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The ...
Ohio Inventor Develops Imaging Powder for Dental Restoration
Aug 25, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Aug. 25 -- Elaine Lewis of Fairfield, Ohio, have developed a contrast medium for dental restoration. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The present invention relates to an imaging powder for dental restoration using a computer-aided ...
U.S., British Inventors Develop Adsorption Process Control Scheme
Aug 25, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Aug. 25 -- Andrew David Wright and Christopher James Raiswell, both of Crewe, Great Britain, Mohammad Ali Kalbassi of Weybridge, Great Britain, William Paul Schmidt of Allentown, Pa., and Daniel Patrick Zwilling of Drexel Hill, Pa., have developed an adsorption ...
Massachusetts Inventors Develop Vacuum System
Aug 25, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Aug. 25 -- Peter W. Gaudet of Hyde Park, Mass., Robert J. Lepofsky of Wellesley, Mass., Alan L. Weeks of South Easton, Mass., Gerald J. Fortier of Plainville, Mass., Stephen R. Matte of Norfolk, Mass., Martin Stein of Bedford, Mass., and Steven C. Rosner of Milton, Mass., have ...
Illinois Inventors Develop Power Amplifier Output Voltage Controller
Aug 25, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Aug. 25 -- Jeffrey A. Frei of Hawthorn Woods, Ill., and Enver Krvavac of Lake Zurich, Ill., have developed a method of controlling the output voltage of a power amplifier (PA). According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "A PA apparatus that includes: a PA ...
Japanese Inventors Develop Power Amplifying Semiconductor Integrated Circuit Device
Aug 25, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Aug. 25 -- Hideyuki Ono, Toru Fujioka and Masahito Numanami, all from Tokyo, have developed a semiconductor integrated circuit device. According to the U.S. Patent & Trademark Office: "The present invention is to provide a technique which optimizes a gate resistor ...
New York Inventors Develop Glass Powder Production Method
Aug 25, 2008 ... ALEXANDRIA, Va., Aug. 25 -- Louis P. Grasso Jr., Patrick S. Grasso Sr. and Elliot Kracko, all from New Rochelle, N.Y., Louis P. Grasso Sr. of Pelham Manor, N.Y., Cynthia A. Andela of Richfield Springs, N.Y., and Ralph J. Acampora of Coxsackie, N.Y., have developed a process for the production of ...
Gregory Poole Power Systems Wins $319,050 Contract
Aug 25, 2008 ... NORFOLK,Va., Aug. 25 -- The U.S. Department of Homeland Security has awarded a $319,050 contract to Gregory Poole Power Systems, Beaufort, N.C., for dock-side mde repairs. The Contract was awarded by the department's U.S. Coast Guard, Norfolk, Va. Work will be performed Atlantic Beach, ...
Power Systems & Controls Wins $27,604 Contract
Aug 25, 2008 ... CLARKSBURG, W. Va., Aug. 25 -- The U.S. Department of Justice has awarded a $27,604 contract to Power Systems & Controls Inc., Richmond, Va., for emergency lighting system. The contract was awarded by the department's Federal Bureau of Investigation, Clarksburg, W ....
Abuse Control Associates Wins $29,160 Contract
Aug 25, 2008 ... WASHINGTON, Aug. 25 -- The U.S. Department of Homeland Security has awarded a $29,160 contract to Abuse Control Associates, Huntsville, Texas, for blind performance testing services. The contract was awarded by the department's Customs & Border Protection, ...