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Wood charcoal from Santorini (Thera): new evidence for climate, vegetation and timber imports in the Aegean Bronze Age.(Research)(Greek Islands archaeobotany studies)
- Article from:
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Antiquity
- Article date:
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September 1, 2003
- Author:
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Copyright informationCOPYRIGHT 2003 Antiquity Publications, Ltd. This material is published under license from the publisher through the Gale Group, Farmington Hills, Michigan. All inquiries regarding rights should be directed to the Gale Group. (Hide copyright information)
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Bronze Age climate in the Aegean
Palaeoclimatic reconstructions for the Bronze Age Aegean based on pollen analytical investigations from several sites in mainland Greece (Bottema 1974, 1982, 1990) have suggested climate conditions drier than at present, with a reversal to a wetter climate favouring woodland expansion and arboriculture (including the intensive cultivation of olive trees) occurring only towards the end of the Bronze Age and the beginning of the historical periods (c. 3200/2700 uncal. BP, c.1500/1100 cal. BC). More recent pollen analyses from Crete have refined this general model, indicating contrasting patterns of vegetation change with the Greek mainland, ...
<5mm was in the range of 1-5 for each
sample).
Taxa Wood anatomical descriptions
Pinus (halepensis/ TS: early -- latewood transition abrupt, latewood
brutia type) part relatively short. Resin canals present; RLS:
Ray tracheids present, occasionally with
conspicuously dentate walls. Ray parenchyma cells
with pinoid pits. Crossfields with 1-2(3) pits;
TLS: Resin canals present. Rays 7-8 cells high,
occasionally higher (up to 15 cells)
Cedrus libaniTS: early -- latewood transition mostly gradual,
latewood part relatively short. Traumatic resin
canals occasionally present in tangential rows at
the ring boundary; RLS: Tracheids bearing mostly
uniseriate pits with scalloped tori (Fig. 3), the
latter particularly visible in the earlywood. Ray
tracheids present, uniseriate, thin-walled, with
irregular borders. Ray parenchyma cells thick-
walled, with taxodioid pits in the earlywood and
mostly piceoid pits in the latewood. Crossfields
with 1-4 pits; TLS: Resin canals present (TLS
surface too narrow for a reliable estimation of
ray height)
Cupressaceae TS: early -- latewood transition gradual, latewood
part short. Resin canals absent; RLS: Tracheid
pits uniseriate. Ray tracheids absent. Transverse
ray walls rather thick, smooth. Tangential walls
smooth, occasionally nodular. Ray parenchyma
with cypressoid pits. Crossfields with 1-2(3)
pits; TLS: (TLS surface too narrow for a reliable
estimation of ray height)
Taxus baccataTS: early-latewood transition gradual, earlywood
cells thick-walled. Resin canals absent; RLS:
Tracheid pits uniseriate. Conspicuous helical
thickenings on tracheid walls. Rays pits
cypressoid. Ray tracheids absent; TLS: (TLS
surface too narrow for a reliable estimation of
ray height)
Olea TS: Wood diffuse porous, growth rings mostly
indistinct. Pores thick-walled, arranged in short
radial multiples of 2-4(5), sometimes in
clusters, occasionally solitary, dense.
Parenchyma frequent, paratracheal-vasicentric,
occasionally confluent; RLS: Perforation plates
simple. Rays heterogeneous, with a central
proportion of strongly procumbent cells and
1-2(3) rows of square and/or upright marginal
cells. Inter-vessel and ray-vessel pits numerous,
alternate, rounded, small. Librifonn fibres
present. Gummy deposits occasionally present;
TLS: Rays uni- to bi(3)-seriate up to 10(12)
cells high (uniseriate rays rare, short)
Punica granatum TS: Wood diffuse porous, growth rings mostly
indistinct, when present undulating. Pores
solitary, in short radial multiples of 2(3-4) or
clusters. Parenchyma infrequent; RLS: Perforation
plates simple. Rays conspicuously heterogeneous,
with a short central portion of procumbent cells
and numerous rows of square and upright marginal
cells. Inter-vessel and vessel-ray pits vestured,
alternate. Libriform fibres present, septate.
Gummy deposits present; TLS: Rays uni- to
biseriate
Arbutus TS: Wood diffuse porous, growth rings distinct.
Pores mostly angular, solitary, in short radial
multiples (2-3) or clustered, numerous.
Parenchyma mostly apotracheal, occasionally
paratracheal (infrequent); RLS: Perforation
plates simple. Rays heterogeneous, with a central
portion of strongly procumbent cells and one row
of upright marginal cells. Inter-vessel pits and
vessel-ray pits with slit-like apertures. Fibre
tracheids with bordered pits and (infrequent)
septate fibres present. Conspicuous helical
thickenings present on vessel members and fibre
tracheids; TLS: Rays bi- to 3(4)-seriate
MaloideaeTS: Wood diffuse porous. Growth rings distinct.
Pores solitary; RLS: Perforation plates simple.
Rays homogeneous to slightly heterogeneous with
one row of square marginal cells. Fibre-tracheids
present. Helical thickenings present on vessel
members and tracheids. Vessel-ray pits simple
rounded, enlarged; TLS: Rays mostly biseriate
Quercus (type 1 -TS: Wood ring porous, growth rings narrow,
deciduous) distinct. Early wood pores solitary, arranged in
a single row, large. Latewood pores solitary, in
dendritic to radially oblique arrangement. Broad
multiseriate rays conspicuous; RLS: Perforation
plates simple. Rays homogeneous. Libriform fibres
and vasicentric tracheids present. Vasicentric
tracheids abundant, forming the greater part of
ground tissue. Apertures of vessel-ray pits
simple, enlarged, round to horizontally elongate;
TLS: Rays uni- and multiseriate, the latter very
broad (>
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