Article: Giving up the ghost: a review of phantom limb phenomena.

The literature concerning painful and non-painful phantom limb phenomena was reviewed to establish our present state of understanding of the phenomena and explore avenues for future research. Although advances have been great in recent years, several misconceptions remain. Points of focus in the review include past definitional deficiencies, conflicting incidence figures, separation of painful and non-painful phantom limb phenomena, precipitating and relieving factors as enumerated by amputees, psychological versus physiological explanations, and treatment attempts. Strengths and weaknesses of past research are discussed and implications for future research are drawn.

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