Article: Extortion and exploitation in the Nguyen campaign against Catholicism in 1830s-1840s Vietnam.

Bribery and extortion, unremarkable features in imperial Vietnam, ensured a relative degree of stability between officials and communities. A timely transaction could neutralise the threat of severe punishment for an individual or, in some cases, enable a village to avoid full compliance with a deleterious bureaucratic measure. Such arrangements, however, rarely led to balanced results; the abuse of authority more often cancelled out benefits for communities in their dealings with mandarins, in turn exposing them to further exploitation. In the late 1830s, the Nguyen campaign to expel missionaries from the kingdom and force local Catholics to recant brought new pressures ...

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