Article: Ottomans as 'Rumes' in Portuguese sources in the sixteenth century.

Muytas vezes perguntava [...] a algum soldado branco se era Turco, e respondia que nao, senao que era Rume; e a outras perguntava se erao Turcos.

Garcia da Orta (1563) (1)

Before the advent of Ottoman rule in the Yemen in 1517, there were already many soldiers, seamen, and gunners or specialists in firearms bearing the name of Rumy or Rumlu in both the Yemen and India. At that time in the East, but outside the Ottoman Empire, this designation in fact unequivocally denoted 'Ottoman'. The Rumys apparently included not only those Ottomans who were sent by Bayezyd II to the Mamluks from 1509 onward, but also adventurers from Ottoman lands, particularly from ...

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