Article: Patterns in early embryonic motility: effects of size and environmental temperature on vertical velocities of sinking and swimming echinoid blastulae.

Introduction

The embryos of some benthic marine invertebrates develop singly in the plankton; others develop in benthic masses. While modes of embryogenesis vary, planktonic embryos of diverse taxa demonstrate early swimming ability. Solitary embryos of many species begin swimming hours prior to gastrulation. Embryos encased in egg masses may begin rotating within their capsules long before hatching. While even closely related species may differ in the timing of first swimming, positive correlations between time to first swimming and factors including egg size and time to first cleavage can account for much of the variability observed in age or stage at first ...

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