Article: From tulips to railways, a history of crazy optimism.

Byline: Allister Heath

Jun. 26--As the philosopher George Santayana once said, a country without a memory is a country of madmen. The same holds true of investors: if only they were aware of how frequently markets fall prey to speculative bubbles, perhaps they would be more prudent with their (and other people's) money.

In the 1630s, the Dutch were enjoying unparalleled prosperity and the highest incomes in Europe. Tulips, brought to the attention of a top Dutch botanist by the Turkish ambassador, soon became a symbol of wealth and luxury. Soon, tulip bulb prices started to soar out of control. By 1636, bulbs were changing hands up to 10 times a day, ...

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