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Get the lead out.(Forum on Science & Technology)

You wouldn't think that lead was important, given that fewer than one out of every ten billion atoms in the universe is an atom of lead. Closer to home, the odds of finding lead are a little better. One out of every million atoms of the earth's crust is lead. Because of its useful properties, humans have mined vast quantities of lead since antiquity. We have been aided by the simple chemistry required to extract lead from its ore, galena, a combination of lead and sulfur. Lead is refined from galena simply by heating it in air to drive off the sulfur and to form an oxide of lead. This oxide is then heated with carbon to release the oxygen as carbon monoxide, leaving a mostly ...

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