Article: The teacher effectiveness movement: how 80 years of essentialist control have shaped the teacher education profession.

The results of the teacher's work [should be] measured by the growth of pupils. It is in terms of such growth that the outcomes of teaching must ultimately be evaluated, and the young teacher should be accustomed from the outset to think of his work as measured finally by this standard.

--Learned & Bagley (1920, p. 219)

In 1914, the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching (CFAT) undertook an ambitious study of teacher education in the state of Missouri. This study was inspired by the now famous Flexner (1910) report on medical education in the United States and Canada. The Flexner report highlights the disparities in quality among schools of ...

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