Article: Seizing upon ECT's opportunities: despite its reputation, ECT is still being used today--and the science behind it is stimulating similar techniques.

In Europe and America during the first half of the 20th century, before the dawn of the psychopharmacologic revolution, thousands of patients languished in hundreds of psychiatric hospitals. Physicians and scientists desperately sought effective treatments.

Their search resulted in four physiologic shock therapies:

* malaria-induced fever (in 1917)

* insulin coma and convulsions (1927) (See Behavioral Healthcare, February 2006, p. 9)

* metrazol convulsions (1934)

* electric shock therapy (EST) (1938), currently known as electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)

Physicians also tried one surgical approach, prefrontal lobotomy ...

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