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Reporting structural equation modeling and confirmatory factor analysis results: a review.

In many instances, researchers are interested in variables that cannot be directly observed, such as achievement, intelligence, or beliefs. In research methodology, authors use terms such as latent variables or factors to describe unobserved variables. We attempt to gain information about latent factors through observable variables. Factor analysis (exploratory and confirmatory) and structural equation modeling (SEM) are statistical techniques that one can use to reduce the number of observed variables into a smaller number of latent variables by examining the covariation among the observed variables.

In this article, we provide a general description of confirmatory factor ...

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