The Cross-Cultural Coping Scale, a scenario-based instrument, was developed in 3 studies. Exploratory factor analyses with Chinese Canadian adolescents (N = 506) showed a 3-factor structure: Collective, Avoidance, and Engagement Coping. The model was reproduced very well in a confirmatory factor analysis. Participant acculturation, self-construals, and religious affiliations were related to coping dimensions.

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When in stress, individuals from North America may heed the advice to "pick your self up by your own bootstraps" or "take the bull by the horns." According to these North American idioms, the individual is the sole agent in the coping process. In ...

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TABLE 5 Collective, Avoidance, and Engagement Coping as a Function of 
Religion With Acculturation as a Covariate in Study 3 
 
  ANCOVA 
SourceSS df  MS F Post Hoc Tests (a) 
 
Collective Coping 
  ([alpha] = .78, .80) 
  More/less acculturated  20.07  1   20.07  56.39***  Less accult>