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Article: Contribution of cadimum in cigarettes to lung cancer: an evaluation of risk assessment methodologies.
- Article from:
- Archives of Environmental Health
- Article date:
- July 1, 1994
- Author:
CopyrightCOPYRIGHT 1994 Heldref Publications. This material is published under license from the publisher through the Gale Group, Farmington Hills, Michigan. All inquiries regarding rights should be directed to the Gale Group. (Hide copyright information)
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CANCER RISKS from low-level exposures to chemicals in the environment are usually too small to study by epidemiologic methods. For this reason, risks from low, e.g., environmental, levels are extrapolated from studies of higher exposures. Critics of risk assessment have contended that standard methods for extrapolating from high-dose animal studies are not justified scientifically.[1,2] Unfortunately, direct validation of risk estimates is often impractical.
Nevertheless, in some situations, an upper bound on risk can be inferred. For instance, no single constituent in cigarette smoke could be responsible for more than the total smoking-induced lung cancer ...