Article: If at first you don't succeed: effects of failure on general and task-specific self-efficacy and performance.

This study explored the impact that failing a specific cognitive task had on self-efficacy and future task performance. Participants were 60 university students (15 men, 45 women) ranging in age from 18 to 45. Failure was induced in the experimental group by requiring participants to attempt unsolvable anagrams. Participants completed anagrams both before and after the experimental manipulation, and changes in self-efficacy were measured pre and post manipulation by a general and task-specific self-efficacy scale. Results indicated that the occurrence of failure significantly decreased participants' task-specific self-efficacy and their subsequent task performance, ...

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