Article: Shaw v. Reno and the future of voting rights. (The Voting Rights Act After Shaw v. Reno)

Four key factors affected the initial phase of 1990 congressional and legislative redistricting: (1) the continued insistence by federal courts on strict standards of population equality (especially for congressional districts) that frequently forced state legislatures to cross city and county lines for the purpose of population equalization (Grofman and Handley 1991); (2) the Supreme Court's upholding in 1986 of the constitutionality of the "effects test" language added to Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 when the Act was renewed in 1982, and the way in which the Court interpreted the new language of Section 2 to create a dramatically simplified three-pronged ...

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