Article: Hypothetical relationships between the San Joaquin kit fox, California grizzly bear, and gray wolf on the pre-European California landscape.

Abstract

Predator dynamics and other community-level interactions more than 200 years ago within California's Central Valley would likely have been emphatically different with grizzly bears and wolves as an important part of the landscape. With the advent of European settlement of California, the ecosystem was drastically altered. The removal of wolves and grizzly bears from the Central Valley may have had a negative effect on the San Joaquin kit fox. Cascading effects with negative results like the ones described here are likely commonplace when top-down ecosystems are altered by human activities.

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The interspecific interactions ...

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