Magazine article from our research archive:
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On step fixed-charge transportation problem **.
- Article from:
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Omega
- Article date:
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October 1, 2008
- Author:
- Kowalski, Krzysztof; Lev, Benjamin
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Copyright informationCOPYRIGHT 2008 Adams Business Media. This material is published under license from the publisher through the Gale Group, Farmington Hills, Michigan. All inquiries regarding rights should be directed to the Gale Group. (Hide copyright information)
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The fixed-charge problem is a nonlinear programming problem of practical interest in business and industry. One of its variations is the fixed-charge transportation problem (FCTP) where fixed cost is incurred for every route that is used in the solution, along with the variable cost that is proportional to the amount shipped. That cost structure causes the value of the objective function Z to also behave like a step function. Each time we open or close a route the objective function jumps a step. The step fixed-charge transportation problem (SFCTP) is a variation of the FCTP where the fixed cost is in the form of a step function dependent on the load in a given route. While the value of ...
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ELECTROPHILIC HALOGENATION OF nido-5,6-C^sub 2^B^sub 8^H^sub 12^
Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications;
November 1, 2006 ;
Holub, Josef; Bakardjiev, Mario; Stíbr, Bohumil;
787 words
...Room-temperature chlorination of the dicarbaborane nido-5,6-C^sub 2^B^sub 8^H^sub 12^ (1) with CCl^sub 4^ in the presence of anhydrous AlCl^sub 3^ yielded a mixture of 7-Cl-5,6-C^sub 2^B^sub 8^H...
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POLYHEDRAL MONOCARBABORANE CHEMISTRY. FUNCTIONALITY AND ISOMERISM:...
Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications;
November 1, 2005 ;
Bullen, Neil J; Kennedy, John D;
787 words
...Reaction of NC^sub 5^H^sub 4^-2-NH^sub 2^ with the [6-Ph-nido-6-CB^sub 9^H^sub 11^]^sup -^ anion (1) in the presence of hydrated FeCl^sub 3^ gives [6-Ph-9-(NC^sub 5^H^sub 4^-2-NH^sub 2^)-arachno-6-CB^sub 9^H^sub 12^] (4) and thence ...
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Modeling of the Solubilities of NiO/NiAl^sub 2^O^sub 4^ and FeO/FeAl^sub...
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions;
February 1, 2004 ;
Zhang, Yunshu; Wu, Xiaoxia; Rapp, Robert A;
787 words
...Experiments to measure the solubilities of NiOTNiAl^sub 2^O^sub 4^ and FeO/FeAl^sub 2^O^sub 4^ were performed, and the results confirmed existing literature values. The solubilities of NiAl^sub...
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Molecular Basis for the Dynamic Strength of the Integrin a^sub 4^B^sub...
Biophysical Journal;
November 1, 2004 ;
Zhang, Xiaohui; Craig, Susan E; Kirby, Hishani; Humphries, Martin J; Moy, Vincent T;
787 words
...ABSTRACT Intercellular adhesion mediated by integrin ?^sub 4^?^sub 1^ and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) plays...leukocytes onto the vascular endothelium. Essential to the ?^sub 4^?^sub 1^/VCAM-1 interaction is its mechanical strength...
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Thermodynamics and Kinetics of the Formation of Al^sub 2^O^sub 3^/...
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions;
April 1, 2008 ;
Sreekumar, V M; Ravi, K R; Pillai, R M; Pai, B C; Chakraborty, M;
787 words
...The formation of Al^sub 2^O^sub 3^, MgAl^sub 2^O^sub 4^, and MgO has been widely studied in different Al base metal matrix composites, but the studies on thermodynamic aspects of the Al^sub 2^O^sub 3^/ MgAl^sub 2^O^sub 4^/MgO phase equilibria have...
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A Direct Free Thyroxine (T^sub 4^) Immunoassay with the Characteristics of...
Clinical Chemistry;
May 1, 2007 ;
Fritz, Kristofer S; Wilcox, R Bruce; Nelson, Jerald C;
787 words
...Background: Direct free thyroxine (T^sub 4^) measurements have been linked to both T^sub 4^-binding serum protein concentrations and protein-bound T^sub 4^ concentrations. Whether this is evidence of a relationship to total T^sub 4^ concentrations...
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Quantitative characterization of the microstructure of two-phase TiB^sub...
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions;
November 1, 2003 ;
Ferranti, Louis Jr; Thadhani, Naresh N;
787 words
...Two-phase TiB^sub 2^ + Al^sub 2^O^sub 3^ ceramics with an interconnected or dispersed TiB^sub 2^ (minor)-phase microstructure can be produced by variations in processing parameters. A standard method of quantitative characterization of the microstructural...
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Technical Note: Vaginal Absorption of 1,25(OH)^sub 2^D^sub 3^ in Cattle
Journal of Dairy Science;
August 1, 2004 ;
Okura, N; Yamagishi, N; Naito, Y; Kanno, K; Koiwa, M;
787 words
...ABSTRACT Although exogenous 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D^sub 3^ [1,25(OH)^sub 2^D^sub 3^] administered via intravenous, intramuscular, and oral routes has been tested for efficacy in preventing parturient...
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cis-Regulatory Elements for Mesophyll-Specific Gene Expression in the...
Plant Cell;
May 1, 2004 ;
Gowik, Udo; Burscheidt, Janet; Akyildiz, Meryem; Schlue, Ute; Et al;
787 words
...C^sub 4^ photosynthesis depends on the strict compartmentalization...mesophyll-specific expression of the gene encoding the C^sub 4^ isoform of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (ppcA1) of the C^sub 4^ dicot Flaveria trinervia. To elucidate and understand...
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Thermal Stability, Glass-Formation Ability, and Mechanical Properties of...
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions;
August 1, 2008 ;
Jiang, F; Chen, G; Li, W L; Wang, Z H; Chen, G L;
787 words
...Bulk amorphous alloys of (Zr^sub 41.2^Ti^sub 13.8^Cu^sub 12.5^Ni^sub 10^Be^sub 22.5^)^sub 100-x^Nb^sub x^ with x = 0, 5, 11, and 13 were prepared by water quenching. Differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analysis revealed that the addition of Nb...
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Mechanical Behaviors of Chromium- or Niobium-Modified Ni^sub 47.5^Al^sub...
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions;
January 1, 2006 ;
Tsau, Chun-Huei; Yeh, Jien-Wei; Jang, Jason Shian-Ching;
787 words
...The microstructure of the Ni^sub 47.5^Al^sub 25^Fe^sub 27.5^ alloy was modified by adding Cr or Nb to improve its tensile properties. Increasing the Cr content increased the volume fraction of the interdendritic regions and, subsequently, increased...
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A Reinvestigation of Phase Equilibria in the System Al^sub 2^O^sub...
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions;
April 1, 2005 ;
Hansson, Robert; Zhao, Baojun; Hayes, Peter C; Jak, Evgueni;
787 words
...The phase equilibria and liquidus temperatures in the binary SiO^sub 2^-ZnO system and in the ternary Al^sub 2^O^sub 3^-SiO^sub 2^-ZnO system at low Al^sub 2^O^sub 3^ concentrations have been experimentally determined...
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The Mechanical Milling of Al/TiO^sub 2^ Composite Powders
JOM;
February 1, 2004 ;
Zhang, D L; Cai, Z H; Adam, G;
787 words
...The processing of Al/TiO^sub 2^ composite powders produced by high-energy mechanical milling leads...range of valuable, titanium-based materials. They include Ti(Al,O)Al^sub 2^O^sub 3^ and Ti^sub x^Al^sub y^(O)/Al^sub 2^O^sub 3^ composite powders...
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The Effect of Nb and W Alloying Additions to the Thermal Expansion...
Metallurgical and Materials Transactions;
March 1, 2005 ;
Hayashi, Taisuke; Ito, Kazuhiro; Takamoto, Misako; Tanaka, Katsushi;
787 words
...The directional thermal expansion and elastic properties of Mo^sub 5^Si^sub 3^, (Mo^sub 0.8^Nb^sub 0.2^)^sub 5^Si^sub 3^, and (Mo^sub 0.85^W^sub 0.15^)^sub 5^Si^sub 3^ have been studied as a function...
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MULTISTEP ELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION PATH OF CLUSTERS [Os^sub 3^(CO)^sub...
Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications;
February 1, 2006 ;
Hartl, Frantisek; van Outersterp, Josephina W M;
787 words
...Electrochemical reduction of the triangular clusters [Os^sub 3^(CO)^sub 10^(α-diimine)] (α-diimine = 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy), 2,2'-bipyrimidine (bpym)) and [Os^sub 3^(CO)^sub 10^(μ-bpym)ReBr(CO)^sub 3^] produces primarily...
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