Using the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI; P. G. Zimbardo & J. N. Boyd, 1999), the authors found that homeless people, in comparison with a control group, had a significantly more negative outlook concerning their past and present as evinced by high Past-Negative and Present-Fatalistic scores and low Past-Positive scores on the ZTPI. However, the homeless individuals were almost indistinguishable from control participants on measures of Present-Hedonism and Future thinking. The homeless individuals had significantly higher levels of depression, with 31 out of 50 (62%) reaching criteria for probable depression. However, this finding was unrelated to their atypical time ...

<.001, and the Present-Fatalistic scale, F(1, 98) = 8.93, p = .004, than did the control group and had significantly lower scores on the Past-Positive scale, F(l, 98) = 12.34, p = .001. However, their scores on the Present-Hedonistic scale, F(1, 98) = .016, p = .899, and Future scale, F(1, 98) = .289, p = .592, were not significantly different from those of the control group (both ps>