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What to Israel Potter is the Fourth of July? Melville, Douglass, and the agency of words.(Frederick Douglass, Herman Melville)(Critical essay)

The Fourth of July was problematic for many Americans from the moment it became the United States's national holiday. It provoked rancorous debate over how the nation's founding should be celebrated, over what exactly was being celebrated, and even over whether celebration was merited at all. Class was one key component of this strife. As W. Caleb McDaniel has pointed out, American elites frowned upon noisy, often drunken, working class celebrations of the Fourth, which exacerbated their fears that the nation's experiment in democracy was doomed to failure as a result of its enfranchisement of what the upper classes saw as the lowest common denominator in American society. ...

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