Article: Solidification sensing using high-energy X-ray diffraction.

A high-energy transmission X-ray diffraction technique that combines the capabilities of conventional high- and low-energy X-ray systems has been developed at the National Institute of Standards & Technology as a noncontact sensor for locating the liquid/solid boundary in metal castings. The high-energy (160 to 320 kV) X-rays can penetrate the thickness of most castings, as well as the mold and furnace walls.

X-rays from conventional high-energy systems can completely penetrate most metallic structures, and are used mainly to image the internal structure based on local density (and so beam absorption) differences. Unfortunately, these imaging systems integrate the ...

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