Article: Freedmen in a slave economy: Minas Gerais in 1831.

There is little question that Brazil by the early 19th century had the largest free colored population of any slave society in America. By the first national census of 1872 the free colored - all of whom came from slave origins - numbered 4.2 million persons, compared to just 1.5 million Afro-Brazilian slaves. Moreover these free colored were the largest single racial/status group within Brazil itself.(1) Yet this was a time when the slave coffee economy was reaching its maturity and the price of slaves was on a long term rise.(2) There is also little question that Brazilian society, like all other slave regimes, was racist and that the white elite in various ways ...

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