Article: Sheet temperature measurement in thermoforming.

Proper heat control, and hence, accurate temperature monitoring, is essential for materials such as polypropylene, for which the forming temperature range is very narrow

Thermoforming is the process by which a thermoplastic sheet is made soft and pliable by heating, and biaxially deformed by being forced into a three-dimensional shape. It may take place in the presence or absence of a mold. Heating the thermoplastic sheet is one of the most crucial stages in the thermoforming process. Most thermoforming machines use sandwich-type heaters - panels of infrared heaters above and below the sheet. This type of heating is recommended to give even heat distribution across ...

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