Article: Female boxers have high bone mineral density despite low body fat mass, high energy expenditure, and a high incidence of oligomenorrhea.(Clinical report)

Introduction

The 1997 and 2007 position stands of the American Society of Sports Medicine (ACSM) identified the need for more research on the interrelationship of bone mineral density (BMD), menstrual function, and energy availability in female athletes (Otis et al. 1997; Nattiv et al. 2007). According to the ACSM, an athlete's BMD reflects the cumulative history of energy availability and menstrual status, as well as the accumulation of bone mass during childhood, the type of activities that the individual participated in during childhood and adulthood, age at menarche, and the history of calcium intake (Nattiv et al. 2007).

Several studies have shown ...

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