Article: Exploring the relationship between race-related stress, identity, and well-being among African Americans.

For almost four hundred years, racism has plagued the personal development of African Americans. Since 1619, when a group of Europeans arrived on America's shores carrying a cargo of African slaves, racism has been responsible for the racial and ethnic disparities in many sectors of African Americans' lives (Utsey, Bolden, & Brown, 2001). These disparities are reflected in African Americans' inability to achieve a state of complete social, economic, biological, and psychological well-being. For example, African Americans continue to suffer disproportionately from health-related illnesses, community violence, environmental injustice, and inadequate education (Collins, ...

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