Article: Phenomenological meanings of martial arts participation.

Asian martial arts are defined historically as emancipatory (Halbrooks, 1974), religious (Reid & Croucher, 1983, Chap. 4), and/or military praxes (Carr, 1993; Draeger, 1973). Modern definitions of martial arts emphasize either psychological maturation or skill acquisition (Draeger, 1974). In Japan, for example, Karate may be defined as Karate-do or Karate-jutsu. The former stresses psychological developments one undergoes while mastering the art whereas the latter focuses on skilled applications of method (Reilly, 1985).

Although participation in Asian martial arts has gained a measure of popularity in North America (Cox, 1993), the meaning of these arts in North ...

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