Article: Study findings on modern physics are outlined in reports from Khon Kaen University.

"Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) effects have been identified as one of the most dangerous causes of giant magnetoresistive (GMR) recording head damage. These phenomena have been studied at all levels of hard-disk drive manufacturing (1)," scientists in Khon Kaen, Thailand report.

"The head gimbal assembly (HGA) is mainly studied because of its exposure to the environment. The standard models are typically based on the human body model (HBM), the machine model (MM) and the charged device model (CDM) where research and practical tests are incompatible. In production, one or more ESD models are normally effective while the other is undergone under a separate model. ...

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