Article: The relation of problem behaviors in preschool children to depressive symptoms in mothers and fathers.

Discussion of problem behaviors in young children usually involves the consideration of two dimensions, externalizing versus internalizing expressions of dysfunction (Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1978). Externalizing problems are characterized by a lack of control and hyperactive or aggressive symptomatology. Internalizing disorders tend to reflect more passive behaviors involving withdrawal, anxiety, depression, and somatic concerns. More research has been done on the incidence and developmental course of externalizing behaviors than on internalizing behaviors, as Cicchetti and Toth (1991) noted in their thorough review, probably because of problems in reliable identification of ...

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