Article: Research from University of Paris has provided new data on physics.

"Dirac's method for constrained Hamiltonian systems is used to describe surfaces of constant Gaussian curvature. A geometrical free energy, for which these surfaces are equilibrium states, is introduced and interpreted as an action," scientists writing in the Journal of Physics a - Mathematical and Theoretical report.

"An equilibrium surface can then be generated by the evolution of a closed space curve. Since the underlying action depends on second derivatives, the velocity of the curve and its conjugate momentum must be included in the set of phase-space variables. Furthermore, the action is linear in the acceleration of the curve and possesses a local ...

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