Article: Reports outline ecology and sociobiology study findings from V. Huckstorf and colleagues.

According to a study from Berlin, Germany, "Animal prey has developed a variety of behavioural strategies to avoid predation. Many fish species form shoals in the open water or seek refuge in structurally complex habitats."

"Since anti-predator strategies bear costs and are energy-demanding, we hypothesised that the nutritional state of prey should modify the performance level and efficiency of such strategies. In aquaria either containing or lacking a structured refuge habitat, well-fed or food-deprived juvenile roach (Rutilus rutilus) were exposed to an open-water predator (pikeperch, Sander lucioperca). Controls were run without predators. In the presence of ...

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