Article: Findings in wireless communications reported from Yokohama National University.

According to recent research published in the journal IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, "We propose a new coded modulation called hexagonal shell modulation (HSM). The HSM has a signal constellation composed of shell-like tiling of hexagons and thus has a lower peak-to-average power ratio (PAR) than. a standard square quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) with comparable bandwidth efficiency and minimum Euclidean distance."

"The main challenge is that HSM has a non-power-of-two number of constellation points, and thus assignment of binary information to HSM is not straightforward. We resolve this by applying a multilevel coded modulation (MLC) scheme ...

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