Article: A UNIQUE BILINGUAL SURRENDER TREATY FROM MUSLIM-CRUSADER SPAIN.

Cunning is better than force

King James the Conqueror

Good sense is better than courage

Muhyi al-Din Ibn `Abd al-Zahir

An army of pacts, truces, and alliances defined the relationships between Muslim and Christian powers during the Middle Ages. These agreements constituted a special kind of encounter. Driven by need or greed, two startlingly different sets of cultural and legal assumptions, rhetorical traditions, and belief systems confronted each other uncomfortably. Each treaty or truce that the parties contracted represented a unique local circumstance, a tangle of options, dangers, opportunities, personalities, and historical and geographical contexts. ...

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