Article: Democracy without Associations: Transformation of the Party System and Social Cleavages in India.(Review)

By Pradeep K. Chhibber. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1999. 287p. $18.00 paper.

Political scientists have generally focused on one of two variables to explain the nature of party systems. Following Duverger, many have analyzed electoral rules to account for the number of parties. Others have drawn from Lipset and Rokkan to argue that social cleavages determine the number. In Democracy without Associations, Pradeep Chhibber contends that when associational life is weak and the state plays an important role in economic and social life, parties can alter politically salient social cleavages and ultimately transform the party system.

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