There has been considerable debate among social scientists concerning the role of violent protest in the politics and policies of modern democracies. Much of the discussion centers on the consequences of mass violence and, in particular, whether the state responds by providing benefits to the insurgent group. Contrary to classic pluralist accounts of group influence and public policymaking in modern democracies, most empirical work concludes that mass political violence often results in a favorable response from the state, usually in the form of welfare state expansion. This research includes studies of state response to unrest among the unemployed and labor during the Great ...