Article: Resuscitating the constitutional "theory" of academic freedom: a search for a standard beyond Pickering and Connick.(Pickering v. Board of Education, Connick v. Myers)

INTRODUCTION

When "the most active and inquiring intellects find it advisable to keep the general principles and grounds of their convictions within their own breasts," John Stuart Mill once wrote, "the price paid for this sort of intellectual pacification is the sacrifice of the entire moral courage of the human mind."(1) Mill insisted that only by protecting full freedom of thought and discussion does a society move closer towards truth. One century later, the Supreme Court echoed the philosopher's sentiments in Sweezy v. New Hampshire, and, for the first time, formally recognized a legal concept individuals would subsequently abbreviate as "academic freedom": ...

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