Article: The Invasion of Japan: Alternative to the Bomb.(Review)

The Invasion of Japan: Alternative to the Bomb. By John Ray Skates. (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1994. Pp. xi, 276. $16.95.)

President Harry Truman considered the atomic bomb a military weapon and an alternative to the invasion of Kyushu planned for I November 1945. He hoped to save American lives and to shorten the war. John Ray Skates argues that it was a psychological weapon aimed at Japan's military leaders to convince them to surrender unconditionally. Although the debate over the ethical nature of using the atomic bomb against Japan continues, little has been studied about the American plan to invade Japan, code-named Operation Downfall.

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